Protecting the Biodiversity of Mexico:

National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, and Ecological Reserves

a bibliography compiled by Roger Steeb
New Mexico State University Library

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The author is a librarian at New Mexico State University and can be reached via email at rsteeb@lib.nmsu.edu.

GENERAL OR REGIONAL

Annerino, John. 1993. Canyons of the Southwest: a Tour of the Great Canyon Country from Colorado to Northern Mexico. San Francisco: Sierra Club. ISSN: 0-87156-552-8
This photo essay includes Isla Tiburón, San Pedro Mˆrtir, Big Bend-Santa Elena, and las Barrancas del Cobre. The chapter on Picacho Diablo in the Sierra de Juárez of Baja California discusses the proposed transborder biosphere that would include the Santa Rosa and Laguna Mountains in California, the Mexican parks of San Pedro Mˆrtir and Constitution de 1857, and the Sierra de Juárez.

Arita, Hþctor T. 1996. Conservation of cave-roosting bats in Yucatan, Mexico. Biological Conservation 76(2): 177-185. ISSN: 0006-3207
Many large caves in the Yucatan have been proposed for tourist development. A survey of 36 caves revealed that of the seventeen species of cave roosting bats, the rare species are associated with a few caves that support a rich assemblages of species and large populations of more common bats. Three species are considered threatened at the national level. Conservation measures should include local education programs, four sites should allow visitation on a limited basis during certain seasons, only one should be completely closed to the public. Cave tourism can be developed with minimal impact if a cave has multiple entrances and development is limited to simple natural trails and some artificial light.

Blake, Tupper Ansel and Peter Steinhart. 1994. Two Eagles, Dos Aguilas: the Natural World of the United States - Mexico Borderlands. Berkeley, University of California. ISBN: 0-520-0842-9
A large, beautifully illustrated that provides views and experiences exploring the borderlands along with a brief history of nature conservation in Mexico.

Bojorqueztapia, Luis A., Ivˆn Azuara, Exequiel Ezcurra, and Oscar Flores-Villela. 1995. Identifying conservation priorities in Mexico through geographic information-systems and modeling. Ecological Applications 5(1): 251-231.
As a pilot project using GIS-based analysis of biological data, the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca are mapped for gap analysis. Species-rich areas are predicted using ordination analysis and generalized linear models integrated with a geographic information system. "A large number of species could be used in this analysis due to the minimal information required for each species record."

Breceda, A., A. Castellanos, L. Arriaga, and A. Ortega. 1995. Nature conservation in Baja California Sur, Mexico: protected areas. Natural Areas Journal 15(3): 267-273. ISSN: 0885-8608
"The state of Baja California Sur has the largest protected surface area in Mexico, amounting to approximately 2,813,914 ha (38.3% of the state area). Included are two biosphere reserves, a submarine refuge of flora and fauna, and several islands in the Gulf of California. These reserves provide legal protection for most of the ecosystems of the region."

Caballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1994. Estrategia Nacional de Ecoturism para Mþxico. Mþxico, D.F.: Secretaria de Turismo. [Online] Available at http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/ceballos1.html
A report on the potential for ecotourism in Mexico and the role of government and non-governmental organizations in developing sustainable programs that would benefit the local inhabitants. Areas with attractions have been identified, but information is scattered among different agencies and groups. It concludes with an region by region listing of sites with ecotourism potential.

Camarillo-R., Josþ L., and Ferm'n Rivera-A, editors. 1990. Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mexico y Especies en Extinción. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
Provides background on efforts to protect threatened fauna and flora with an emphasis on development and planning in the national park system.

Castilleja, Guillermo. 1996. Mexico. Pages 193-205 in Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: the Americas (Caroline S. Harcourt and Jeffrey A. Sayer, editors) . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-13-340886-8

CONABIO: ­reas Protegidas. [1996]. [Online] Available at http://www.conabio.gob.mx/textos/ap.html
This site features the choice of a clickable map of protected natural areas or by list. It is a subset of Aspectos Sobre Biodiversidad en Mþxico, under the heading Conservación in situ. It includes a brief history and administrative structure. Considerable data about the complete range of protected areas is provided. The same text for the site descriptions as Atlas de ­reas Naturales Protegidas de Mþxico listed above and at the time I checked Sierra del Abra Tanchipas, Viscaino, Isla Tiburon, and Ria Lagartos were on this site, but not yet on the other, but new entries are being added all the time. Conrad, Jim. 1995. Mexico: a Hikers Guide to Mexico's Natural History. Seattle: Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-424-0
Includes the hikes in and information about the Vizcaino Desert, Sierra de la Laguna, Los Azufres Park, Mariposa Monarcha, Juxtlahuaca Cave, Yerba Buena Reserve (private), Estación Biológica Huitepec (Pronatura reserve), Agua Azul, Palenque, Celestìn, Punta Laguna, and Cobˆ.

Delgadillo-Macias, Javier. 1994. Recursos naturales y ecolog'a: bases para un desarrollo sustentable. Problemas del Desarrollo 25(96): 125-162. ISSN 0301-7036
Provides a description of biological diversity within Mexico and relates attempts to balance natural resources preservation with economic development. Discusses the concept of sustainable development in planning efforts by the federal and state governments. There is a state by state summary of protected areas, proposed areas, and summaries of problems that need to be addressed in those areas.

Eccardi, Fulvio and Rebeca Alvarez del Toro. 1987. Aspectos Generales de la Ecologia en el Estado de Chiapas. [s.l.], s.n. OCLC: 19780561
Diagrams and drawings add to the text describing the different ecosystems in Chiapas, beginning at the shore line and moving up the elevation gradient.

Escalante-Pliego, Patricia, Adolfo G. Navarro Sigôgenza, and A. Townsend Peterson. 1993. Geographic, ecological, and historical analysis of land bird diversity in Mexico. Pages 281-299 in Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution (T. P. Ramamoorthy, Robert Bye, Antonio Lot, and John Fa, editors). NY: Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-506674-X

Fa, John E. 1989. Conservation-motivated analysis of mammalian biogeography in the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt. National Geographic Research 5(3): 296-316. ISSN: 1056-800X
"Patterns of species richness, endemism, and species sympatry areas (defined here as species combinations) were analyzed to identify priority conservation zones. Choropleth maps of distributions of numbers of species per order, endemics, and species combinations show the significance of the higher altitude zones."

Fa, John E. and Luis M. Morales. 1993. Patterns of mammalian diversity in Mexico. Pages 319-361 in Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution (T. P. Ramamoorthy, Robert Bye, Antonio Lot, and John Fa, editors). NY: Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-506674-X
_________. 1991. Mammals and protected areas in the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt. Pages 199-226 in Latin American Mammalogy: History, Biodiversity, and Conservation (Michael A. Mares and David J. Schmidly, editors). Norman: University of Oklahoma. ISBN 0-8061-2343-5

Fisher, Richard D. 1994. National Parks of Northern Mexico. Tucson: Sunracer. ISBN: 0-9619170-5-9
"It is designed to show what the parks look like, how to get to them, and, in general terms, what to expect while visiting these natural areas." Maps are included.

Flores-Villela, Oscar. 1993. Herpetofauna of Mexico: distribution and endemism. Pages 253-280 in Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution (T. P. Ramamoorthy, Robert Bye, Antonio Lot, and John Fa, editors). NY: Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-506674-X

Flores-Villela, Oscar, and Patricia Gerez-Fernanadez. 1988. Conservación en Mþxico; S'ntesis Sobre Vertebrados Terrestres, Vegetación y Uso del Suelo. [Mþxico and Washington, D.C.]: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bióticos; Conservation International. OCLC 21050752

Flores-Villela, Oscar, and Patricia Gerez-Fernanadez. 1989. Mexicois Living Endowment: an Overview of Biological Diversity: an Executive Summmary = Patrimonio Vivo de Mexico: un Diagnostico de la Diversidad Biologica: Resumen Ejecutivo. [Washington, D.C.]: Conservation International in collaboration with Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Sobre Resursos Bioticos. OCLC 20276698

Gomez-Poma, Arturo and Rodolfo Dirzo. 1995. Reservas de la Biofera y otras ­reas Naturales Protegidas de Mþxico.. [Mexico, D.F].: Instituto Nacional de Ecolog'a and CONBIO. ISBN: 968-817-333-9, available on the internet at http://www.laneta.apc.org:80/rds/atlas
This web site currently has the text of the atlas giving a history of conservation and detailed descriptions of biosphere reserves, special biosphere reserves, natural monuments, national marine parks, and protected areas for flora and fauna. This is one of the best site for finding a listing of all protected areas in mexico under the heading other natural protected areas.

González-Romero, Alberto, and Alberto Lafron-Terrazas. 1993. Pages 409-419 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
"During the winter of 1984 the population of pronghorn antelopes of the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California Sur and Coahuila were censused to evaluate the present status of the species in Mexico. A total of 307 animals were observed, 214 in Chihuahua, 12 in Coahuila, 33 in Sonora and 48 in Baja California Sur. The total population was estimated in 446 animals, 81.42% less than the number estimated 60 years before. The main causes of the observed decline are habitat destruction, poaching, and competition with cattle."

Halffter, Gonzalo. 1985. Biosphere Reserves: conservation of nature for man. Parks 10(3): 15-18. ISSN 0363-0617

Hernˆndez, Hþctor and Rolando T. Bˆrcenas. 1995. Endangered cacti in the Chihuahuan Desert: I. Distribution Patterns. Conservation Biology 9(5): 1176-1188. ISSN: 0888-8892
None of the critical, species rich areas determined by the study are in a protected areas. Mapim' is representative of the Chihuahuan Desert, but is not particularly rich in endangered or locally endemic cactus. A more detailed analysis of species rich areas in terms of degree of endemicity or taxonomic uniqueness, and habitat diversity is in progress.

Hernˆndez-Huerta, Arturo. 1992. Los carnivoros y sus perspectivas de conservacion en las areas protegidas de Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 54: 1-23. ISSN 0065-1737

Informacion Basica Sobre las Areas Naturales Protegidas de Mexico. 1989. Subsecretaria de Ecolog'a, Direccion General de Conservacion Ecolog'a de los Recursos Naturales (Sedue). OCLC 27119461

Lee, Raymond M. and Eduardo E. Lopez-Saavedra. 1993. Helicopter survey of desert bighorn sheep in Sonora, Mexico. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 37:29-32 ISSN: 0418-7598
Twenty-five mountain ranges in Sonora were surveyed and 155 groups located. The population estimates ranged from 880-1,760. El Pinacate was not flown. Populations were higher south of Caborca, some areas in fact could provide stock for relocation. The bighorn sheep population in Sonora also appears capable of supporting a hunting program up to 30 permits per year.

LLorente-Bousquets, Jorge and Armando Luis-Mart'nez. 1993. Conservation-oriented analysis of Mexican butterflies: Papilionoidae (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Pages 147-177 in Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution (T. P. Ramamoorthy, Robert Bye, Antonio Lot, and John Fa, editors). NY: Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-506674-X

López-Torres, Marcos. 1992. Animales y Plantas en Peligro de Extinción. Cd. Juárez: Escuela Superior de Agricultura "Hermanos Escobar." OCLC 30147079

Lynch, James. 1989. Distribution of overwintering nearctic migrants in the Yucatan Peninsula, I: general patterns of occurrence. Condor 9(3): 515-544. ISSN: 0010-5422
"For most overwintering migratory passerines, the single most critical feature of the Yucatanis future landscape will be the extent to which some form of woody vegetation, even if it is successional scrub or young woodland persists or is allowed to regenerate."

______. 1992. Distribution of overwintering nearctic migrants in the Yucatan Peninsula, II: use of native and human-modified vegetation. Pages 178-196 in Symposium on the Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, Manomet Bird Observatory (John M. Hagean and David W. Johnson, editors). ISBN: 156098113X

Martinez-Gomez, J. E. 1992. Raptor conservation in Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Raptor Research 26(3): 184-188. ISSN: 089-1016
Conservation efforts for the 67 raptor species found in Verzcruz include training of local students, monitoring the bird trade, establishing banding stations, ecotourism, and cooperative efforts between North American and Mexican biologists.

McDonald, J. Andrew. 1993. Phytogeography and history of the alpine-subalpine flora of northeastern Mexico. Pages 681-703 in Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution (T. P. Ramamoorthy, Robert Bye, Antonio Lot, and John Fa, editors). NY: Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-506674-X

Parques Nacionales. 1995. Mþxico Desconocido, Edición Especial, Nìm. 2, 3ra. Edicion. ISSN 0187-1560
A special issue of the popular travel magazine provides information and photos of national parks, biosphere reserves, and protected areas of Mexico arranged by state.

Peterson A. T. et al. 1993. Conservation priorities in Mexico: moving up in the world. Biodiversity Letters 1: 33-38. ISSN: 0967-9952
Elevational pattern of species richess and endemism in birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and butterflies in the southern slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur in southern Guerrero, and the second on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Juˆrez in northern Oaxaca. At higher elevations the ranges have similar habitats. "In both mountain ranges, in all five taxonomic groups, species richness declines and endemism increases rapidly with altitude."

Ponce-Nava, Marina Perez Martinez, and Fabiola Franco. 1995. Proyecto Juridico Mesoamericano sobre Biodiversidad: Elaboracion de Propuesta de Marco Legal para Manejo de Areas Protegidas del SICAP, Mexico. Gainesville: University of Florida. This 120 page document is available postage paid for $12 from the Center for Governmental Responsibility, University of Florida, College of Law, 230 Brunton Geer, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.

Primatologia en Mexico: Comportamiento, Ecologia, Aprovechamiento y Conservacion de Primates: Memorias del I Simposia Nacional de Primatologia. 1989. Iztapalapa, D.F.: Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana. OCLC: 20330419

Protected Natural Areas of Mexico. 1993. [s.l.]: Secretariat of Social Development. OCLC 29537405
Brief data on each park and reserve such as area, flora and fauna, infrastructure accompanies photos intended to give a sense of the diversity of protected areas in Mexico.

Ramos-Maza, Roberto.1992. El Sureste Mexicano: Tomo I Paisaje Natural. Mþxico D.F.: Grupo Tazabache. ISBN: 968-6084-70-3
Photographs and brief text on flora and fauna of Campeche, Tabasco, Chiapas, and Quintana Roo.

Rodriguez-Luna, Ernesto, John E. Fa, Francisco Garcia-Orduna, Gilberto Silva-Lopez, and Domingo Canales-Espinoza. 1987. Primate conservation in Mexico. Primate Conservation 0(8): 114-118. ISSN: 0898-6207

Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Julio Cþsar-Zurita, Norma Emilia-Gonzˆlez, Fernando Pþrez-Castillo, and Hþctor C. Gamboa. 1993. Areas costeras protegidas de Quintana Roo. Pages 687-708 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia-Gonzˆlez, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Schueler, Donald G. 1993. The Temple of the Jaguar: Travels in the Yucatan. San Francisco: Sierra Club. ISBN 0-87156-651-6
A travel narrative that focuses on the culture of southern Mexico and includes descriptions of R'a Celestìn, R'a Lagartos, and Sian Ka'an.

Simonian, Lane. 1995. Defending the Land of the Jaguar: a History of Conservation in Mexico. Austin: University of Texas. ISBN 0-292-77691-8
Very detailed, highly readable history of the changing perceptions of nature, soils, the role of forests in watersheds, and value of protected areas .

Sistema de Areas Naturales Protegidas en el Estado de Querþtaro. 1992. [Querétaro]: Direccion de Ecologia de Gobierno del Estado. OCLC 30387260

Sod, Sylvia and Mar'a de Jesìs Ordó¿ez. 1996. Insuficiente el nìmero de zonas ˆridas protegidas: Jerzy Rzedowski. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de la Conservación. (4): 25-34. OCLC 32209547
An interview at the Institute of Ecology in Pátzcuaro, Morelia with with the author of Vegetation of Mexico. With about 50% of Mexicois land considered arid, the existing reserves are not sufficient since they do not represent the full range of flora and fauna. "We need better information of the dynamics of biotic communities for nature conservation in Mexico." "Mexico has had numerous national parks since the beginning of this century, and almost none have worked as protected areas. I insist that conservation should not be limited to the reserves, a balanced, long-term use of the resources must be found so they donit run out."

Toledo, Victor Manuel, and Ma. de Jesus Ordonez. 1993. The biodiversity scenario of Mexico: a review of terrestrial habitats. Pages 757-777 in Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution (Ramamoorthy, T. P., Robert Bye, Antonio Lot, and John Fa, editors). NY: Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-506674-X

Vargas-Marquez, Fernando. 1984. Parques Nacionales de Mexico y Reservas Equivalentes: Pasado, Presente, y Futuro. Mexico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma.

Watts, Elizabeth, Victor Rico-Gray, and Castulo Chan. 1986. Monkeys of the Yucatan Peninsula: preliminary survey of their distribution and status. Primate Conservation 0(7): 17-22 ISSN: 0898-073X

Williams-Linera, G., G. Halffter, and E. Ezcurra. Status of biodiversity in Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(Spec. Vol.): 285-312. ISSN: 0065-1737

Zurita-Gutiþrrez, Julio Cþsar, Roberto Herrera, and Benito Prezas. 1993. Tortugas Marinas del Caribe. Pages 735-751 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia-Gonzˆlez, editors). Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-12-2 For loggerhead and green turtles, the Caribbean coasts are the main Mexican nesting areas. Hawksbill and leatherback turtles are also found here, however Isla Contoy is the only federal reserve for marine turtles in 1993. Some protection is provided in eastern Cozumel, Tulum National Park, and the Sian Kaian Biosphere Reserve. The coastal zone in Xicacel, north of Tulum and Xel-Ha urgently needs to be included.

ALTO GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA Y DELTA DEL R°O COLORADO (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Barrer-Guevara, J. C. 1990. The conservation of Totoaba macdonaldi (Gilbert), (Pisces: Sciaenidae), in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology 37(Supplement A): 201-202. ISSN: 0022-1112
A total ban on fishing was declared by the Mexican government in 1975, and a year later the fish was placed on the endangered list as threatened with extinction. A major factor in the population decrease is the accidental netting of juveniles by shrimp boats.

Brownell, R.L. 1986. Distribution of the vaquita (Phocoena sinus), in Mexican waters . Marine Mammal Science. 2:299-305. ISSN: 0824-0469

Cisneros-Mata, Miguel A., Gabriela Montemayor-López, and Martha J. Romˆn-Rodr'guez. 1995. Life history and conservation of Totaba macdonaldi. Conservation Biology 9(4): 806-814. ISSN: 0888-8892
The large endemic, threatened fish of the Gulf of California spawns in the Delta of the Colorado River and adjacent northern end of the Gulf. The enforcement of the fishing ban and the elimination of poaching within the Biosphere Reserve are essential to the restoration of stocks of the totaba. Crawford, Clifford S. 1989. Surface-active arthropods in dune Sonoran Desert ecosystems. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Neuva Serie 0(34): 3-27. ISSN 0065-1737

Ezcurra, Exequiel. 1996. Mar de dunas y crˆteres: El Gran Desierto de Altar, patrimonio natural ìnico. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de la Conservación. (4): 4-11. OCLC: 32209547
Adaptions of plants and animals to the most extreme desert in Mexico are described along with the rare fresh water springs that sustain some the of relict vegetation of the upper Gulf of California.

Felger, R. S. 1992. Synopsis of the vascular plants of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Ecologica 2(2): 11-44. ISSN:

Glenn, Edward P., Richard S. Felger, Alberto Burquez, and Dale S. Turner. 1993. Cienega de Santa Clara: endangered wetland in the Colorado River Delta, Sonora, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 32(4): 817-825. ISSN 0038-4909
This 20,000 hectare brackish wetland in the Delta of the Colorado River in Sonora is affected by operations on the U.S. side of the border. In particular, the Yuma Desalting Plant affects the flow of water and level of salinity in the Cienega.

Glenn, Edward P., Christopher Lee, Richard Felger, and Scott Zengel. 1996. Effects of water management on the wetlands of the Colorado River Delta, Mexico. Conservation Biology 10(4): 1175-1186. ISBN: 0888-8892
"It is a major stopover for migratory waterfowl and supports guiding, hunting, fishing and limited ecotourism activities for members of four communities near the Cienega." "Two actions would lead to immediate stabilization of wetland area in the delta: restoration of the lower Rio Hardy wetland through implementation of the Ducks Unlimited proposal for a new earthen dam at the fresh-water-intertidal intersection on the Colorado River channel and a commitment by the U.S. Department of the Interior to continue to provide Wellton-Mohawk drain water for Cienega de Santa Clara."

Glenn, E., T. L. Thompson, R. Frye, J. Riley, and D. Baumgartner. 1995. Effects of salinity on growth and evapotranspiration of Typha domingensis Pers. Aquatic Botany 52(1-2): 75-91. ISSN: 0304-3770
Salinity imposes severe constraints on the growth oand distribution of cattails. The resulting inflow salinity of 7-10 ppt. from the Yuma Desalting Plant when at full operation would result in deterioration of the wetlands.

Mellink, Eric, Eduardo Palacios, and Salvador Gonzˆlez. 1996. Notes on nesting birds of the Ciþnega de Santa Clara saltflat, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Western Birds 27(4): 202-203. ISSN: 0045-3897
Two pools of fresh water fed by springs on the San Jacinto Fault support nesting by American avocet, black-necked stilts, and least tern.

Morales-April, G. 1994. Reserva de la Biosfera del Alto Golfo de California: una oportunidad para rescatar este ecosistema.. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de Conservación (2): 23-26. OCLC 32209547

______. 1994. Reserva de la Biosfera del Alto Golfo de California y Delta del Rio Colorado. Ecologica 3(2): 26-27. ISSN: Palacios, Eduardo and Eric Mellink. 1992. Breeding bird records from Montague Island, Northern Gulf of California. Western Birds 23(1): 347-354. ISSN: 0160-1121

______. 1993. Additional records of breeding birds from Montague Island, Northern Gulf of California. Western Birds 24(4): 259-262. ISSN: 0160-1121
Montague Island is in the Rio Colorado Delta. Seven waterbirds nest on the island plus evidence for the black-crowned night heron and black skimmers as well.

Silber, G. K. 1990. Occurrence and distribution of the vaquita Phocoena sinus in the northern Gulf of California. Fishery Bulletin 88(2):339-346. ISSN:

Zengel, Scott A. and Edward P. Glenn. 1996. Presence of the endangered desert pupfish (Cyrinodon macularius, Cyprinidontidae) in Cienega De Santa Clar, Mexico, following an extensive marsh dry-down. Southwestern Naturalist 41(1): 73-77. ISSN: 0038-4909
Desert pupfish are still found in backwater areas of the Cienega. Aerial photos show approximately 600 ha of flooded, unvegetated, shallow suitable habitat along the western margin. The authors recommend that small-scale periodic water delivery could be used to maintain the wetlands.

ARCHIPI€LAGO DE REVILLAGIGEDO (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Awbrey, F.T., S. Leatherwood, E.D. Mitchell, and W. Rogers. 1984. Nesting green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) on Isla Clarion, Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 83(2): 69-75. ISSN: 0038-3872
Annual productivity in suitable areas of Bahia Sulfur was estimated at 2.4 hatchlings per square meter.

Brattstrom, Bayard. H. 1953. Cactus of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico. Cactus and Succulent Journal 15: 181-182. ISSN: 0007-9367

______. 1982. Breeding of the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas on the Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico. Herpetological Review 13(3): 71. ISSN 0018-084X

________. 1982. A comparison of the social behavior of Urosaurus auriculatus and U. clarionensis on the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico. Herpetological Review 13(1): 11-12. ISSN 0018-084X

________. 1990. Biogeography of the Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico. Journal of Biogeography 17(2): 177-183. ISSN 0305-0270

Brattstrom, Bayard. H. and Thomas R. Howell. 1956. Birds of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico. Condor 58(2): 107-120. ISSN: 0010-5422

Castellanos, A. and R. Rodriguez-Estrella. 1992. El zenzontle de Socorro, una especie en peligro de extinción: recommendaciones para su protección y reuperación. Ciencia y Desarrollo 18: 64-75. ISSN: 0185-0008

______. 1993. Current status of the Soccoro mockingbird. Wilson Bulletin 105(1): 167-171. ISSN: 0043-5643
Predation by feral cats, introduced about 1957 appeared to have pushed this endemic species close to extinction, but in 1988-90 an estimated 50-60 pairs were present.

______. 1990. Seabirds of Las Islas Revilagigedo, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 102(1): 140-146. ISSN: 0043-5643

Everett, W.T. 1988. Notes from Clarión island . Condor 90: 512-513. ISSN 0010-5422

Howell, Steven N. G. and Sophie Webb. 1989. Additional notes from Isla Clarion, Mexico. Condor 91(4): 1007-1008. ISSN 0010-5422
The number of feral pigs has decreased, but the 50 remaining on the island have disrupted the nesting of Townsend shearwaters, Laysan albatrosses, masked boobies, and burrowing owls. Feral rabbits are abundant. On a positive note, the endemic Clarion Wren is now common.

Jehl, Joseph and Kenneth C. Parkes. 1982. Status of the avifauna of the Revilagigedo Islands, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 94(1): 1-19 ISSN: 0043-5643

______. 1983. "Replacements" of landbird species on Socorro Island, Mexico. Auk 100: 550-559. ISSN: 0004-8038

Jimþnez, Cecilia, Alfredo Ortega-Rubio, Sergio Alvarez-Cˆrdenas, and Gustavo Arnaund. 1994. Ecological aspects of the land crab Gercarcinus planatus (Decapoda: Gecarcinidae) in Socorro Island, Mexico. Biological Conservation 69(1): 9-13. ISSN: 0006-3207
Tree cover provides a suitable microclimate, burrow locations, and fruit for land crabs. There is no regeneration due to sheep overgrazing and eventual extinction will result.

Levin, G., and R. Moran. 1989. The vascular flora of Isla Socorro, Mexico. San Diego Society of Natural History Memoirs 0(16): 1-71. ISSN: 1059-8707
"The native flora comprises 117 species, 30 of them endemic to Socorro and 9 more to the Revillagigedos. Despite high endemism, there does not appear to have been an evolutionary radiation on the island. The flora is derived principally from western mainland Mexico, but particularly the endemic species show a strong affinity with plants of southern Baja California. Dispersal by birds appears to account for the arrival of most species or their ancestors; drift and air flotation also are important among the non-endemics."

Llinas-Gutiþrrez, Jorge, Daniel Lluch-Cota, Aradit Castellanos and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio. 1993. La Isla Socorro, Revilagigedo. Pages 358-388 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico. (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN: 968-6780-12-2

Mart'nez-Gómez and Robert L. Curry. 1995. First description of the nest and eggs of the Soccoro mockingbird. Wilson Bulletin 107(3): 555-557. ISSN: 0043-5643
Considered critically endangered, the endemic mockingbird nests in relatively unbroken shrubby ground cover and moderately dense trees that are lacking in heavily grazed areas. The authors call for the elimination of sheep and feral cats to protect both the Soccorro mockingbird and the Townsend's shearwater.

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo, Sergio Alvarez-Cˆdenas, Patricia Galina-Tessaro, and Gustavo Arnaud-Franco. 1991. Microhabitat spatial utilization by the Socorro Island lizard Urosaurus auriculatus (Cope). Journal of the Ariona-Nevada Academy of Science 24-25: 55-57. ISSN: 01993-8509
This endemic lizard is the only terrestrial reptile on the island and it is now threatened by overgrazing and by predation by feral cats. the lizard is unusual in that it uses such a variety of habitats, but it is unable to utilize the one-third of the island where the sheep have stripped the soil to the point that the violent tropical storms leave the surface bare.

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo and Aradit, Castellanos-Vera (editors). 1994. Isla Socorro, Reserva de la Biosfera Archipielago de Revillagigedo, Mexico. Centro Investigaciones Biologicas Noroeste. ISBN: 968-6837-06-X

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo et al. 1992. Estudio de los recursos naturales de la Isla Socorro, Revillagigedo, Mþxico. Ciencia 43: 175-184. ISSN: 0185-075X

Rodr'guez-Estrella, Ricardo, Gustavo Arnaud, Sergio ­lvarez Cˆrdenas, and Antonio Rodr'guez. 1991. Predation by feral cats on birds at Isla Socorro, Mexico. Western birds 22(3): 141-143. ISSN: 0160-1121
Predation on birds by feral cats no longer appears to be as important as in the past. However, even limited predation may seriously affect a species as endangered as the Socorro mockingbird. There was evidence that the Socorro red-tailed hawk also preyed on this mockingbird.
Rodriguez-Estrella, Ricardo, Jose Luis Leon de la Luz, Aurora Breceda, Aradit Castellanos, Jorge Cancino, and Jorge Llinas. 1996. Status, density and habitat relationships of the endemic terrestrial birds of Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico. Biological Conservation 76 (2): 195-202. ISSN 0006-3207
Socorro Island contains one endemic genus and seven enemic subspecies of birds as well as 40 visiting species. The Socorro dove, Zenaida graysoni and the elf owl, Micrathene whitneyi graysoni, are believed to be extinct. Townsendis shearwater, Puffinus auricularis, is endemic to the archipelago. The current status of the avifauna and degree of habitat disturbance due to sheeep overgrazing, predation by feral cats, and human activites was determined.

Rodr'guez-Estrella, Ricardo, Eustolia Mata, and Laura Rivera. 1992. Ecological notes on the green parakeet of Isla Socorro, Mexico. Condor 94 (3): 523-525. ISSN 0010-5422
The green parakeet population was estimated at 400-500 birds. The island is proposed for legal protection to be managed by the Mexican navy base currently established there. The basic outline of an intregrated resource management plan is suggested.

Rodr'guez-Estrella, Ricardo, Laura Rivera Rodr'guez and Francisco Anguiano. 1995. Nest-site characteristics fo the Socorro green parakeet. Condor 97(2): 575-575. ISSN: 0010-5422
Previously considered a threatened species, it is still common, but impacted by sheep grazing. It depends on forests for nesting.

Santaella, Luis and Andres M. Sada. 1991. The avifauna of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico: additional data and observations. Wilson Bulletin 103(3): 668-675. ISSN: 0043-5643

Walter, Harmut S. 1990. Small viable population: the red-tailed hawk of Socorro Island. Conservation Biology 4(4): 441-443. ISSN 0888-8892

Wehtje, W., S. Walter, R. Rodr'guez-Estrella, J. Llinas, and A. Castellanos-Vera. 1993. An annotated checklist of the birds of Isla Socorro, Mexico. Western birds 24(1): 1-16. ISSN: 0160-1121

ARRECIFE ALACRANES (Parque Marino Nacional)

Howell, Steve N. 1989. Additional information on the birds of the Campeche Bank, Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 60(4): 504-509. ISSN: 0006-3630
Hawks are common vistors during the fall migration, with six species.

Mart'nez-Guzmˆn Lydia A. and Jorge L. Hernˆndez Aguilera. 1993. Crustˆceos estomatópodos y decˆpodos del Arrecife Alacranes, Yucatˆn. Pages 609-629 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mþxico (S. I. Salazar-Vallejo and N. E. Gonzˆlez, editors). Chetumal: CONABIO-CIQRO. ISBN: 968-6780-12-2

BANCO CHINCHORRO (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Aguilar-Perera, Alfonso and William Aguilar-Dˆvila. 1993. ÷ltimo Refugio en el Caribe Mexicano, Banco Chinchorro. Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-10-6
A 36 page booklet with useful maps, diagrams, photos, and description the reefs and islands.

Jordˆn-Dahlgren, Eric and E. Martin. 1987. Chinchorro: morphology and composition of a Caribbean atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 0(310): 1-34. ISSN 0077-5630
"The general morphology of the reef structures on the windward margin of the atoll are greatly influenced by the depth of the adjacent substrate and the presence of an extensive and gently dipping platform; this platform is not found on other western Caribbean atolls. Most interesting are the complex spur and groove systems that show a gradual change from multiple systems of spurs, to a series of complex, but poorly developed ridge systems and then to local disappearances of these features at several sections of the atoll."

BOCAS DE DZILAM (Area de Protección de Flora y Fauna)

CALAKMUL (Reserva de la Biosfera)

______. 1994. Value of peccaries (Tayassu spp.) in the diet of the jaguar (Panthera onca) [in Spanish]. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(62): 11-22. ISSN: 0065-1737

Newmann, Holly E. 1994. Manejo de Calakmul: Un decreto no preserva un ˆrea natural protegida. Ocþlotl: Revista Mexicana de Conservación 1(1): 7-10. OCLC 32209547
The federal government transferred management of this biosphere reserve to the state of Campeche which agreed to share responsibility with Pronatura Peninsula de Yucatan. There will be greater involvement of the local communities in decision making. Outside the core areas which are left untouched, the residents replant mahogany and other native trees and will market selected cultivated lumber trees. They are also experimenting with breeding game birds and other indigenuous animals.

Orejuela, Jorge Enrique. 1977. Comparative biology of turquoise-browed and blue-crowned motmots in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Living Bird 0(16th annual): 193-208. ISSN 1059-521X
The turquoise-browed motmot was particularly abundant in the Escarcega area and the blue-crowned motmot in the Xpujil area. The turquoise-browed nestlings appeared to be more vulnerable to predation because they nest in tunnels in small, low banks while the blue-crowned excavate nests in large, exposed cliff faces. Other factors are the longer nesting period and greater seasonal spread of reproductive activities.

Raitt, Ralph J. and John William Hardy. 1976. Behavioral ecology of the Yucatan jay. Wilson Bulletin 88(4): 529-554. ISSN: 0043-5643
Working along a dirt road near the border of the Biosphere Reserve, social behavior of the Yucatan jay was observed. Cooperative breeding involves up to six attendants guarding or providing food to the incubating female or the nestlings. When juveniles are old enough to fly they continue to beg for food and are probably dependant on the communal flock for some time. Yucatan jay habitat is forest edges and clearings so their numbers have increased as a result of clearing by man.

CASCADA DE BASASEACHIC (Parque Nacional)

Spellenberg, Richard, Toutcha Lebgue, and Rafael Corral-D'as. 1996. A Specimen-Based, Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Parque Nacional "Cascada de Basaseachi" and Adjacent Areas, Chihuahua, Mexico. XIII in Serie: Listados Flor'sticos de Mþxico. Mþxico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mþxico. ISBN: 968-36-4974-2
The vegetation is primarly pine and oak woods typical of the northern Sierra Madre. "The deep barranca and the spray from the falls modify the habitat locally so that there are several endemic species restricted to the bottom, particularly in the spray area of the falls where trees are excluded and a meadow-like expanse of soil and grass covers boulders that have fallen from the cliffs."

CHAMELA-CUIXMALA (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Beck, Daniel D. and Ram'rez-Bautista. 1991. Combat behavior of the beaded lizard Heloderma h. horridum in Jalisco, Mexico. Journal of Herpetology 25(4): 481-484. ISSN: 0022-1511

Ceballos, Gerardo and Andres Garc'a. 1995. Conserving neotropical biodiversity: the role of dry forests in western Mexico. Conservation Biology 9(6): 1349-1356. ISSN 0888-8892
"The reserve is becoming a model in Mexico because it has solved the main problems that limit the efficiency of nature reserves in the country, including land tenure, financial support, and social problems." At a continental scale Mexican dry forest maintain the highest levels of endemicity of all Neotropical dry forests." "The 13,200 ha of the Chamela-Cuixmala biosphere reserve are privately owned by the major university of Mexico, nongovernmental organizations, and several private companies."

Ceballos-Gonˆlez, Gerardo and Alvaro Miranda. 1986. Los Mam'feros de Chamela, Jalisco. Manual de Campo. Mþxico, D. F.: Instituto de Biolog'a, UNAM. ISBN: 9683602568

Del Coro Arizmendi, Ma. 1990. Hummingbirds and their floral resources in a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Biotropica 22(2): 172-180. ISSN: 0006-3606
The most common hummingbird, Amazilia rutila was also the most dominant and visited flowers of almost all lengths. Other hummingbirds grouped into small-billed and long-billed. Winter visitor were smaller, less able to complete for nectar resources, and were non-territorial. Large hummingbirds needed to shift among rich temporary resources to meet their higher energy requirements. Garc'a, Andrþs and Gerardo Ceballos. 1995. Reproduction and breeding success of California least terns in Jalisco, Mexico. Condor 97(4): 1084-1087. ISSN: 0010-5422
The first recent tropical breeding record of Least Tern in Mexico is at the Cuixmala River. Sandy barrier beaches are used for nesting. Hurricanes can cause extensive beach erosion which destroys the nests. Coatimundis also eat eggs and nestlings.

Gavi¿o de la Torre, G. 1978. Notas sobre algunas aves de la región de Chamela, Jalisco, Mþxico. Anales del Instituto de Biolog'a Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mþxico Serie Zoolog'a 49: 295-302. ISSN: 0368-8720

Hutto, R.L., P. Hendricks and S. Pletschet. 1986. Un censo invernal de las aves de la Estación de Biolog'a Chamela, Jalisco, Mþxico. Anales del Instituto de Biolog'a Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mþxico Serie Zoolog'a 56: 945-953. ISSN: 0368-8720 Lister, Bradford C. and Andres Garcia Aguayo. 1992. Seasonality, predation, and the behaviour of a tropical mainland anole. Journal of Animal Ecology 61(3): 717-733. ISSN: 0269-2183
Anolis nebulosus population experiences high predation rates and low annual survivorship as expected from extreme seasonal fluctuations in arthropod numbers during the severe 6-7 month dry season. "During the dry season, male and female A. nebulosus are the most sedentary lizards known, moving only once or twice per hour and travelling a maximum of 8-9 m per day."

Lott, Emily J. 1987. Floristic diversity and structure of upland and arroyo forests of coastal Jalisco. Biotropica 19(3): 228-235. ISSN: 0006-3606.
This dry tropical forest had species richness which exceeded that of other Neotropical dry forests with more than twice its annual rainfall. "The mean number of species per 100-sq. meter transect was 22.7.. Upland and arroyo sites were similar in species number, but the latter included greater percentages of species of vines (11% vs 21%) and trees greater than 10 cm DBH (24% vs 31%). The forest is also remarkable for the diversity of epiphytes (mostly Tillandsia spp.)." ______. 1993. Annotated checklist of the vascular flora of the Chamela Bay region, Jalisco, Mexico. Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences 0(148): 1-60. OCLC: 27984704
"Principle vegetation types found in the area are tropical deciduous forest, tropical semideciduous forest, riparian associations, mangrove swamps and brackish lagoons, coastal strand, and secondary communities derived from these." About 10 % of the plants are endemic to the states of Jalisco and Colima.

McWhirter, D.W. 1976. Summer birds of Estación Chamela and vicinity, Jalisco, Mþxico. Anales del Instituto de Biolog'a Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mþxico Serie Zoolog'a 41: 63-66. ISSN: 0368-8720

Mandujano, Salvador and Sonia Gallina. 1993. Densidad del venado cola blanca basada en conteos en transectos en un bosque tropical de Jalisco. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(56): 1-37. ISSN 0065-1737
A comparison of methods for censusing white-tailed deer in tropical deciduous forest. "Estimates varied between 5 to 22 deer/km-2, depending on the model and season. The non-parametric model based on the Fourier series appeared to be the most appropriate for this habitat because it deals with seasonal differences well and does not require specific assumptions relating to aspects of deer biology for a particular area.

______. 1995. Comparison of deer censusing methods in tropical dry forest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23(2): 180-186. ISSN: 0091-7648 Track count, pellet group count, and direct count on transects were compared. The transect method worked best in the wet season and the track count method was the best in the dry season.

Mandujano, Salvador, Sonia Gallina, and Stephen H. Bullock. 1994. Frugivory and dispersal of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 42(1/2): 107-114. ISSN 0034-7744

Ornelas, Juan Francisco, Mar'a del Coro-Arizmendi, Laura Mˆrquez-Valdelamar, Ma. de Lourdes-Navarijo, and Humbero A. Berlanga. 1993. Variability profiles for line transect bird censuses in a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Condor 95(2): 422-441. ISSN: 0010-5422
"Of species recorded furing this study (153), 61% were resident, 31.6% were latitudinal migrants (including summer and winter migrants), 3.3% were vagrants, and 1.1% were of unknown status." Avian carnivores as a group had the most species. The arroyo habitat are rich in species and could provide an important refuge during the dry season for birds of the uplands. Resident species seem more susceptible to droughts. "Tropical dry forests along the Pacific coast in Mexico have been cut for tourist development at an alarming rate in the last two decades."

EL CIELO (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Bracho, Rosa and Vinicio J. Sosa. 1990. Desarrollo y estrategias dee establecimiento de La Reserva "El Cielo" en Tamaulipas. Pages 24-32 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mexico y Especies en Extinción (Josþ L. Camarillo-R., and Ferm'n Rivera-A, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
The obstacles remaining include the problems of land ownership, the lack of an infrastructure, and the identification of alternative economic activities for the reserve established in 1985.

Flood, Nancy J. 1990. Aspects of the breeding biology of Audubons's oriole. Journal of Field Ornitology 61(3): 290-302. ISSN 0273-8570
"Nests are well concealed, and compared to those of other oriole species, are small relative to female body size. Nest success is low, due in part to parasitism by bronzed cowbird (Molothrus aeneus)." Audubon's Oriole females, which have similar plumage as males, seem to sing as much as males with similar songs.

Heredia, Gabriela, 1989. Estudio de los hongos de las Reserva de la Biofera El Cielo, Tamaulipas: consideraciones sobre la distribucion y ecologia de algunas especies. Acta Botˆnica Mexicana 7: 1-18. ISSN 0187-7151
Surveys of 126 species of fungi were carried out on an altitudinal gradient through semi-evergreen temperate forest, cloud forest, oak-pine forest, and a transitional area between the last two.

Walker, Scott. 1996. Ecotourism impact awareness in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Tamaulipas, Mexico. [Online] available at gopher://cfs.Colorado.EDU:70/00/environm..._Planeta_Platica/Ecotourism/Walker_Cielo
Although only 3.2% of the population were solely employed in ecotourism related work, over 80% of those surveyed in two nearby communities perceived ecotourism as beneficial.

Williams-Linera, Guadalupe. 1993. Soil seed banks in four lower montane forests of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9(3): 321-337. ISSN: 0266-4674
El Cielo had considerably smaller seed densities per square meter than Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco, El Triunfo, Chiapas or Rancho La Mesa, Veracruz. The tropical family Melastomataceae was absent form this northern site, whereas it represented gt 30% of total germinated seeds at the other three sites."

COFRE DE PEROTE (Parque Nacional) Veracruz

CHICHINAUTZIN CORREDOR BIOLOGICO (Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna)

Fa, J. E. and V. Sanchez-Cordero. 1993. Small mammal population responses to fire in a Mexican high-altitude grassland. Journal of Zoology 230(2): 343-347. ISSN: 0952-8369
Traditionally the grasslands are burnt once a year for livestock. "A dynamic mosaic grassland burned periodically and, at intervals of a few years rather than annually, would ensure higher small mammal diversity and the survival of the areais rarer endemics."

Romero-R., Federico. 1993. Analisis de la alimentacion del lince (Lynx rufus) en el Centro de Mexico. Pages 217-230 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
The volcano rabbit was the major prey of bobcat on Volcˆn Pelado, followed by ground squirrels and common opossums.

Velazquez, A. 1993. Man-made and ecological habitat fragmentation: study case of the volcano rabbit (Romerolagus diazi). Zeitschrift fuer Saugetierkunde 58(1): 54-61. ISSN: 0044-3468
Highways, farming, grazing, and intensive burning have fragmented the habitat.

______. 1994. distribution and population size of Romerolagus diazi on El Pelado volcano, Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 75(3): 743-749. ISSN: 0022-2372
The population mean was estimated at 6,488 mostly on upper and middle slopes.

______. 1994. Multivariate analysis of the vegetation of the volcanoes Tlaloc and Pelado, Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 5(2): 263-270. ISSN: 1100-9233

Velazquez, A. and A. M. Cleef. 1993. Plant communities of volcanos "Tlaloc" and "Pelado", Mexico. Phytocoenologia 22(2): 145-191. ISSN: 0340-269X
The Braun-Blanquet approach was used to define the plant communities, then classified using TWINSPAN. The similarities and differences with the communites found in the Izta-Popo National Park are discussed.

COZUMEL (Parque Marino Nacional)

Fenner, D. P. 1988. Some leeward reefs and corals of Cozumel, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 42(1): 133-144. ISSN 0007-4977
Small fringing reefs and linear patch reefs are found primarily on sloping areas of the sand-covered off the western shore. Shelf-edge reefs with an irregular, high-relief spur and groove systems are found on the lee shore. Species diversity and coral cover is greater than on the Yucatan coast.

_________. 1991. Effects of Hurricane Gilbert on coral reef fishes and sponges at Cozumel, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 48(3): 719-730. ISSN 0007-4977
Fortunately, the hurricane had a noticeable effect only on the shallowest reefs.

Kenyon, J. 1984. Black corals of Cozumel. Sea Frontiers (Sept.-Oct.): 267-272. ISSN 0897-2249

Rosenberg, Steve. 1995. Diving Cozumel. New York: Aqua Quest. ISBN 0-9623389-4

CUATRO CI€NEGAS BASIN (Areas de Protección de Flora y Fauna)

Cole, Gerald A. 1984. Crustaceae from the Bolson of Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, Mexico. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 19(1): 3-12. ISSN: 0193-8509

Contreras-Balderas, Armando J. 1984. Birds from Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, Mexico. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 19(1): 77-79. ISSN: 0193-8509 Sixty-one species are reported. Spanish names are also given.

______. 1990. Importancia, biota endþmica y perspectivas actuales en el Valle de Cuatrociþnegas, Coahuila, Mþxico. Pages 15-23 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mþxico y Especies en Extincion (Jose L. Camarillo-R. and Fermin Rivera-A., editors). Mexico D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2

Garc'a-Salas, Juan A., Armando J. Contreras-Balderas, and Josþ I. Gonzˆlez-Rojas. 1995. Birds of a creosotebush community in the Cuatrocienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 40(4): 355-359. ISSN: 0038-4909
With 35 species of birds found in the creosotebush dominated valley, it is the richest in the Chihuahuan Desert. Permanent residents numbered 21, eight additional species bred in the summer, and five species were considered migrants. Grall, George. 1995. Cuartro Ciþnegas, Mexico's desert aquarium. National Geographic 188(4): 85-93. ISSN 0027-9358

Hendrickson, Dean A. and Phil Pister. 1996. Cuatro Ciþnegas, Coahuila, Mþxico. [Online] available at http://wwww.utexas.edu/ftp/depts/tnhc/.www/fish/dfc/cuatroc/
Since swimmers and divers have considerable impact on the spring-fed pools, there should be prohibition of public visitation at a number of fragile travertine pools that are yet undisturbed. Secondly, only 25% of the original gypsum dunes remain due to commercial excavation and should be protected. The table of contents directs users to pages in either English or Spanish.

Hershler, Robert. 1984. Hydrobiid snails ( Gastropoda: Rissoacea) of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin: systematic relationships and ecology of a unique fauna. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 19(1): 61-76. ISSN: 0193-8509 "Species with with large, thickened shells inhabit large springs and outflows; minute, blind, unpigmented species are restricted to smaller groundwater outlets; and a third set inhabits smaller streams of the basin. Within large springs, micro-habitat partitioning occurs as separate species predominate either on soft sediment, on aquatic vegetation or on travertine."

McCoy, C. J. 1984. Ecological and zoogeographic relationships of amphibians and reptiles of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 19(1): 49-59. ISSN: 0193-8509 There is a high proportion of relict populations, almost 39% of the 66 native species. The majority of the edemics are part of the Tamaulipan fauna. The herpetofauna consists of 8 amphibians, 4 turtles, 23 lizards, and 31 snakes. Minckley, W. L. 1978. Endemic fishes of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin. Pages 383-404 in Transactions of the Symposium on the Biological Resources of the Chihuahuan Desert Region, U.S. and Mexico. National Park Service Tranactions and Proceedings Series #3. Gov Doc I29.91:3

_________. 1984. Cuatro Cienegas fishes: research review and a local test of diversity versus habitat size. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 19(1): 13-21. ISSN: 0193-8509
Eight of the 16 species of native fish are endemic. "Number of species per collection is positively correlated with habitat size in stable springs and spring-fed rivers, but not spectacularly so in unstable natural habitats or canals."

Minckley, W. L and G. A. Cole. 1968. Preliminary limnologic information on waters of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 13(4): 421-431. ISSN: 0038-4909

Pinkava, Donald J. 1984. Vegetation and flora of the Bolson of Cuatro Cienegas Region, Coahuila, Mexico: IV. summary, endemism and corrected catalogue. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 19(1): 23-47. ISSN: 0193-8509

Aranda, M. N. Lopez-Rivera, and L. Lopez de Buen. 1995. Eating habits of the coyote (Canis laterans) of Mount Ajusco, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(65): 89-99. ISSN: 0065-1737

Canela-Rojo, M. and V. Sanchez-C. 1984. Patrón del area de actividad de Neotomodon alstoni alstoni (Rodentia: Cricetea). Anales del Instituto de Biolog'a, Serie Zoolog'a 55: 285-306. ISSN: 0368-8720

Chavez-Tapia, Catalina B. and Raul Gallardo-Villegas. 1993. Demografia y reproducción de Neotomodon alstoni en la Sierra del Ajusco, Mexico. Pages 317-331 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
The population dynamics of the volcano mouse showed that densities fluctuated from 15 to 54 individuals per hectare probably with a multiannual cycle. This density appears moderate and the population dynamics are that of a stable population.

Hernández-Tejeda, T. and M. De Lourdes de la Isla de Bauer. 1984. Evolution of damage from oxidizing gases in Pinus hartwegii and Pinus montezumae var. lindleyi on Ajusco (mountain), Federal District (Mexico) [in Spanish]. Agrociencia 0(56): 183-194. ISSN: 0568-3025
Air pollution from Mexico City, particularly ozone, is causing considerable damage to the pine forests at El Ajusco. Pinus hartwegii is more sensitive.

Mþndez-De La Cruz, Fausto R., Gustavo Casas-Andreu, and Maricela Villagran-Santa Cruz. 1992. Variacion anual en la alimentatcion y condicion fisica de Sceloporus-mucronatus (Sauria, Iguanidae) en la Sierra del Ajusco Distrito-Federal, Mþxico. Southwestern Naturalist 37(4): 349-355. ISSN 0038-4909
In addition to insects, some plant material is consumed, particularly in winter. These live-bearing lizards need several months of feeding to bring their condition up to the point they can breed again.

Nieto-Pola, C. 1986. Sintomas de deterioro del arbolado en algunos bosques de la Sierra del Ajusco, Mþxico. Biotica 11(1): 25-41. ISSN: 0185-0326

DESIERTO DE LOS LEONES (Parque Nacional)

Mandujano Rodr'guez, Salvador. 1990. Analisis de los factores ambientales que influyen sobre el nivel poblacional de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus), en El Parque "Desierto de los Leones." Pages 351-367 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mexico y Especies en Extinción (Josþ L. Camarillo-R., and Ferm'n Rivera-A, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
Now that the puma has been practically exterminated, feral dogs and poachers are now the principle threat to white-tail deer. Tourists don't enter the dense woods and furthermore the deer are inactive during the day. Poaching takes place particularly in the higher and more distant areas. There is a considerable decrease in the population between fall and spring. Forest thining and replanting which occurs in the fall negatively affects deer in the breeding season.

DZIBILCHALTUN (Parque Nacional)

ISLA ANGEL DE LA GUARDIA (Parque Nacional)

Tershy, B. R., D. Breese, and C. S. Strong. 1990. Abundance, seasonal distribution and population composition of balaenopterid whales in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico. International Whaling Commission Report, Special Issue 12: 369-375. ISSN: 0255-2760

ISLA CONTOY (Reserva Especial de la Biosfera)

Flores-Guido, J. S. 1983. Island vegetation from the Yucatan Peninsula (Central America). Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico 0(45): 23-38. ISSN 0366-2128
Flowering plants species are listed, the dominant plants that characterize each natural community are described and a pattern of potential succession is proposed.

Isla Contoy. 1994. Boletin Amigos de Sian Ka'an 0(13) Nìmero Especial 1-32.
Contains five articles about biodiversity and management of Isla Contoy and an insert with the bird list.

ISLA GUADALUPE (Reserva Especial de la Biosfera)

Jehl, Joseph R. and William T. Everett. 1985. History and staus of the avifauna of Isla Guadalupe, Mexico. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural history 20(17): 313-336. ISSN: 0080-5947

León-Castro, Humberto, Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos, Jorge Alanis Garc'a, and Oscar A. Pedr'n-Osuna. 1993. Escorpþnidos (Pisces, Scorpaenidae) de Isla Guadalupe, Baja California. Pages 319-327 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia-González, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Mirssky, Edward N. 1976. Song divergence in hummingbird and junco populations on Guadalulpe Island. Condor 78(2): 230-235. ISSN:
Only the song of the male Guadalupe Island Anna Hummingbirds is altogether different from that of mainland birds. The Guadalupe Island juncos have more song variability than those of the mainland and are considered a different specie due to coloration and morphology as well as song.

Morgan, Reid. 1996. Flora of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. California Academy of Sciences. ISBN 0-940228-40-8
The fora of the island is related especially to that of the Channel Islands. There are 156 native especies with 34 species endemic to the island. "Feral goats have profoundly affected the vegetation of Guadalupe Island." Conservation measures are discussed.

Rico-Cerda, Jose. 1990. Isla Guadalupe, Mexico. Pages 99-115 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mþxico y Especies en Extincion (Jose L. Camarillo-R. and Fermin Rivera-A., editors). Mexico D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mþxico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2

ISLA ISABEL (Parque Nacional)

Osorno, J. L., R. Torres, and C. Macias-Garcia. 1992. Kleptoparasitic behavior of the magnificent frigatebird: sex bias and success. Condor 94(3): 692-698. ISSN:
Magnificent frigatebirds steal food primarily from blue-footed booby adults which nested together with frigatebird. Most attacks were conducted by females and juveniles. Success rates were low, but group pursuits were three times more successful.

ISLA TIBURON (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Jones, J. Knox, and Richard W. Manning. 1989. A new subspecies of the rock squirrel, Spermopohilus vareigatus, from Isla Tiburon, Sonora, Mexico. Texas Tech University. Museum. Occasional Papers 0(127): 1-3. ISSN 0149-175X

Reyes-Osorio, Sandalio. 1983. Current Status of the mule deer on Tiburon Island, Sonora. Pages 93-96 in Wildlife and Range Research Needs in Northern Mexico and Southwestern United States. U.S. Forest Service. General Technical Report WO-36. Gov Doc A113.88: WO-36

Wauer, Roland, H. 1992. A Naturalist's Mexico. College Station: Texas A&M University. ISBN 0-89096-500-5
Describes the Caracol Research Station built by Fauna Silvestre and the series of transects established to census birds since 1977.

ISLAS DEL GOLFO (Reserva Especial de la Biosfera)

Aurioles, David, Francisco Sinsel, Claudio Fox, Esteban Alvarado, and Octavio Maravilla. 1983. Winter migration of subadult male California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in the southern part of Baja California. Journal of Mammalogy 64(3): 513-528. ISSN: 0022-2372

Banks, Richard C. 1963. Birds of Cerralvo Island, Baja California. Condor 65(3): 300-312. ISSN:
Winter or other migrants amounted to 36%, residents were fully 46% of the 67 species, while wide ranging species composed 15%.

Boswall, Jeffrey and Michael Barrett. 1978. Notes on the breeding birds of Isla Raza, Baja California. Western Birds 9(3): 93-108. ISSN 0045-3897

Bourillón, Luis et al. 1988. Islas del Golfo de California. Mexico, D.F.: Secretar'a de Gobernación/U.N.A.M. OCLC: 22453294

Case. Ted J. 1983. Niche overlap and the assembly of island lizard communities. Oikos 41(3): 427-433. ISSN 0030-1299

Case, Ted J. and Martin L. Cody, editors. 1983. Island Biogeography in the Sea of Cortez. Berkeley: University of California. ISBN 0-52-004799-0

Emlen, John T. 1979. Land bird densities on Baja California Islands. Auk 96(1): 152-167. ISSN: 0004-8038

Galvan-Magana, Felipe, Henk J. Nienhuis, and A. Peter Klimley. 1989. Seasonal abundance and feeding habits of sharks of the lower Gulf of Calfornia. California Fish and Game 75(2): 74-84. ISSN: 0008-1078
Of the eleven species of sharks caught commercially off Isla Cerralvo, scalloped hammerhead, the smooth hammerhead, and the silky shark were the most common.

George, T. Luke. 1987. Nesting phenology of landbirds in Baja California. Condor 89(4):920-923. ISSN: 0010-5422
The initiation of breeding varies and probably related to precipitation and climate effects on insect populations. Black-throated sparrows, verdin, and Costa's hummingbirds varied most in the date of earliest nest initiation.

Hand, Judith L. 1980. Human disturbance in western gull Larus occidentalis livens colonies and possible amplification by intraspecific predation. Biological Conservation 18(1): 59-63. ISSN: 0006-3207

Hoagland, Donald B. 1992. Feeding ecology of an insular population of the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) in the Gulf of California. Southwestern Naturalist 37(3): 280-286. ISSN: 0038-4909
This endemic subspecies inhabiting an island seven km offshore from Baja California Sur fed primarily on the young succulent arms of galloping cactus, Machaerocereus gummosus, and the terminal joints of cholla. The jackrabbits have become smaller and lighter in color.

Palacios, Eduardo and Eric Mellink. 1992. Breeding bird records from Montague Island, Northern Gulf of California. Western Birds 23(1): 347-354. ISSN: 0160-1121

______. 1993. Additional records of breeding birds from Montague Island, Northern Gulf of California. Western Birds 24(4): 259-262. ISSN: 0160-1121
Montague Island is in the Rio Colorado Delta. Seven waterbirds nest on the island plus black-crowned night heron and black skimmers probably do as well.

Rodriguez-Estrella, R., J. A. Donazar, and F. Hiraldo. 1995. Yellow-footed gulls attack turkey vultures on Isla Espiritu Santo, Baja California, Mexico. Colonial Waterbirds 18(1): 100-101. ISSN: 0738-6028

Sylber. Charles K. 1988. Feeding habits of the lizards Sauromalus varius and S. hispidus in the Gulf of California. Journal of Herpetology 22(4): 413-424. ISSN: 0022-1511
Adult giant chuckwallas were studied on Isla San Esteban, Isla San Lorezo Sur, Isla Angel de la Guarda, and Isla Mejia. The lizards are strictly vegetarian; eating forbs and fruit when seasonally available, but most of the year consuming leaves of shrubs.

Tershy, Bernie R. and Dawn Breese. 1994. Color preference of the island endemic lizard Uta palmeri in relation to rat eradication campaigns. Southwestern Naturalist 39(3): 295-297. ISSN 0038-4909

Velarde, Enriqueta. 1992. Predation of Heermannis gull (Larus heermanni) chicks by yellow-footed gulls (Larus livens) in dense and scattered nesting sites. Colonial Waterbirds 15(1): 8-13. ISSN: 0738-6028

______. 1993. Predation of nesting larids by peregrine falcons at Rasa Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Condor 95(3): 706-708. ISSN 0010-5422
Between March and July, 95% of the worldis population of Heermann's gulls and elegant terns nest on the island. These seabirds plus the 8,500 royal tern pairs are potential prey for peregrine falcons. The falcon's effect on seabird populations is reported.

Velarde, Enriqueta and Daniel W. Anderson. 1994. Conservation and management of seasbird islands in the Gulf of California: setbacks and successes. Pages 229-243 in Seabirds On Islands: Threats, Case Studies, and Action Plans (D. N. Nettleship, J. Gurger, and M. Gochfeld, editors). Cambridge: Birdlife International. ISBN 0-94688-23-X "Present threats come largely from increased human developmental and exploitative activities such as tourism, commercial fisheries and increased levels of marine pollution from various sources. Fortunately, a programme of ecological conservation in the Gulf of California has been initiated by the Government of Mexico." "The current programme, although typically undersupported, is based on the establishment of an adequate database encompassing many natural elements of the Gulf of California islands and offshore environments...It is based on basic ecological research."

IZTA-POPO (Parque Nacional) Iztacc'huatl-Popocatþpetl Volcanos

Padilla Gordon, Hugo, and Alfredo Mart'nez-Fernˆndez. 1995. El Popocatþpetl, un gigante que despierta. Mþxico Desconocido 19(217): 56-61. ISSN 0187-1560
There are 16 active volcanos in Mexico. The strato-volcano Popocatþpetl is dated at approximately 730,000 years old. In 1991 activity increased and concern developed about the 17 million cubic meters of ice held in the glaciers. Plans to deal with various emergencies are discussed.

Secor, R. J. 1994. Mexico's Volcanos: a Climbing Guide, second edition. Seattle: Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-329-5

Vega-López, Angel A., Ticul Alvarez-S. 1992. La herpetofauna de los volcanes Popocatþpetl e Iztacc'huatl. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0 (51): 1-119. ISSN 0065-1737
A study of specimens and the literature show that there are 9 species of amphibians and 13 species of reptiles distributed in 77 localities above 2,500 metres. One reptile extended up to an altitude of 4280 meters. Vegetation communities are described and distributions given in each. Iztacc'huatl has more species than Popocatþpetl, 19 compared to ten. These volcanos are compared with others in the Neovolcanic Transversal belt. Those in the Valley of Mexico have a greater diversity than those of the Valley of Puebla. Other peaks compared included Orizaba, Cofre de Perote, Pico Tanc'taro, La Malinche, and Nevado de Toluca. The last two had the least similarity. One species, Rhyacosiredon leorae, is endemic to the area of the R'o Fr'o, and is considered threatened.

Velazquez, A. and A. M. Cleef. 1993. Plant communities of volcanos "Tlaloc" and "Pelado", Mexico. Phytocoenologia 22(2): 145-191. ISSN: 0340-269X
The similarities and differences with the communites found in the Izta-Popo National Park are discussed.

LACANT÷N (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Kallen, Christian. 1993. Bad moon and water may be rising: dams threaten Mexico's Usumacinta River. E: the Environmental Magazine 4(1): 18-21. ISSN 1046-8021

Lacandonia: el ÷ltimo Refugio. 1991. Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma. ISBN 9-68-639204-3

Wilkerson, Jeffrey K., and David Hiser. 1985. Usumacinta River: troubles on a wild frontier. National Geographic 168 (4): 514-543. ISSN 0027-9358

LAGUNA MADRE

Contreras-Balderas, Armando Jesìs. 1993. Avifauna de Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas. Pages 553-558 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico. (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISSN: 968-6780-12-2

Garc'a-Gil, Gerado, Jaime Rendón-von Osten, Jerónimo Garc'a Guzmˆn, Eduardo Carrer Gonzˆlez, Cþsar Tejaeda Cruz, Flor E. Galˆn Amaro, and Benjam'n Ortiz Espejel. 1993. Diagnótico ambiental de Laguna Madre, Tamulipas. Pages 535-552 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico. (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISSN: 968-6780-12-2

LAGUNA DE TERMINOS

Day, J. W., W. H. Conner, F. Ley-Lou, R. H. Day, and A. M. Navarro. 1987. Productivity and composition of mangrove forests, Lagunda de Terminos, Mexico. Aquatic Botany 27(3): 267-284. ISSN: 0304-3770
Productivity in terms of average diameter and wood production per year was greater along the river, however density was more than twice as high at the fringing site.

Rojas-Galaviz J L., A. Yˆ¿ez-Arancibia, J. W. Day, and F. R. Vera-Herrera. 1992. Estuarine primary producers: Laguna de Terminos, a study case. Pages 141-154 in Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America (Ulrich Seeliger, editor). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN: 0-12-634550-3

Yˆ¿ez-Arancibia, A. and J. Day, editors. 1988. Ecolog'a de los ecosistemas costeros en el sur del Golfo de Mþxico: La región de la Laguna de Tþrminos. Mexico, D.F.: Univeridad Nacional Autónoma de Mþxico; Organización de los Estados Americas. ISBN: 9683606350

LAGUNAS DE MONTEBELLO (Parque Nacional)

LAGUNAS DE ZEMPOALA (Parque Nacional)

MADERAS DEL CARMEN (Parque Nacional)

Mexico preserves foster border cooperation. 1995. National Parks 69(3-4): 12.
More than 500,000 acres of the Sierra del Carmen range and nearly 700,000 acres of Santa Elena Canyon were set aside in November of 1994. Virtually all the land is privately owned and a management plan is being developed.

Miller, Alden H. 1955. Avifauna of the Sierra del Carmen of Coahuila, Mexico. Condor 57(3): 154-178. ISSN: 0010-5422
No comparable pine-oak and conifer belt of this size exist for 230 miles north (Guadalupe Mts.) or over 200 miles to west in Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua. Many birds of this habitat in the larger ranges are absent. The scrub jay is extraordinarily abundant and has taken over habitat normally divided among three species of jays. In the absence of chickadees, the bridled titmouse extends from the desert to pine oak at 7500 ft. Likewise only two species of warbler are found, with more general foraging patterns.

Parent, Laurence. 1990. Tex-Mex Park: making Mexicois Sierra del Carmen a sister park to Big Bend. National Parks 64(7-8): 30-37. ISSN: 0276-8186.
Cooperative efforts underway between the Park Service and the Mexican government as well as the governor of Coahuila to designate 1.2 million acres of the Sierra del Carmen and the Boquillas area ajoining the Rio Grande as a protected area are described. Here are the healthiest population of black bears in Northern Mexico.

______. 1992. Islands of green in a desert sea. Backpacker 20(10): 20-25. ISSN 0277-867X

Wauer, Roland, H. 1983. Sierra del Carmens: Mexico's forgotten wilderness. Wildlife and Range Research Needs in Northern Mexico and Southwestern United States. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report WO-36. Gov Doc A113.88: WO-36 Seven peaks in the range are over 8,000 ft, and 115 square miles lie above 5,500 ft. Seventy three species of birds are known to nest here and the diversity appears similar to the Chirachua Mountains of Arizona. Montezuma quail is abundant. "Local residents are unaware of park status. The Sierra del Carmens, today, appears to be a forgotten wilderness."

______. 1992. A Naturalist's Mexico. College Station: Texas A&M University. ISBN 0-89096-500-5
Describes the Sierra del Carmen in general and Ca¿on del Oso in particular. Seven trips to search for the imperial woodpecker were not successful. Although Mexican maps in the 1970is showed the expected national park boundary, the area received no administration or management and only minimal protection. A planning document to create a real national park was prepared in 1989.

Jimenez-Guzman, A. and M. A Zuniga-Ramos. 1991. Biological typification of Sierra Maderas del Carmen Coahuila Mexico [in Spanish]. Anales del Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologia 62(2): 373-382. ISSN: 0368-8720
The plants and animals include seven endemics, two protected species, seven endangered species, and five commercially logged trees.

LA MALINTZI (Parque Nacional), 45,711 ha

MAPIM° (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Adest, Gary, A., Michael A. Recht, and Gustavo Aguirre. 1988. Nocturnal activity in the Bolson tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus). Herpetological Review 19(4): 75. ISSN 0018-084X
The tortoises may emerge from their burrows after dark in response to rising soil temperatures. This behavior is thermoregulatory because they do not leave the area in front of the burrow or forage.
Aguirre, Gustavo, Gary A. Adest, and D. J. Morafka. 1984. Home range and movement patterns of the Bolson tortoise, (Gopherus flavomarginatus). Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(1): 1-28. ISSN 0065-1737
Radiotelemetry demonstrated that 64% of the colony studied use one or two burrrows, while 36% use 4-8 burrows. Home range amounts to 3-4 ha for adult males, 2.5 to 3.1 ha for adult females, and only 0.4 to 1.2 ha for immature individuals. The tortoises associate in certain sites due to both ecological factors and a high level of social interactions. Dominant males use or visit the greatest number of burrows. The dominant and most mobile males are not necessarily the largest.

Aragón-P., Elizabeth E., and Claude Baudoin. 1990. Algunos aspectos reproductivos de dos especies de ardillas (Rodentia: Spermophilus) en una zona de simpatr'a del Desierto Chihuahuense. Acta Zoologica. Mexicana. (ns) 0(36): 1-25. ISSN 0065-1737
The ground squirrels spermophilus spilosoma and S. mexicanus were studied in terms of reproductive cycle, litter size, recruitment, juvenile growth and reproductive behavior. " During the breeding season S. spilosoma was more abundant and males had greater mobility." Juevenile recruitment occurred during mid-July and these achieved 50% of total weight gain in one month."

Aragon, Elizabeth E., Norma A. Millan, and Claude Baudoin. Ciclos de actividad y organizacion espacial de las ardillas Spermophilus spilosoma y S. mexicanus (Rodentia: Sciuridae) en el Desierto Chihuahuense, Durango, Mexico. Pages 273-287 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
The two sympatric species of ground squirrels showed similar habitat preferences, home range sizes and temperature tolerances. there was more overall agonistic behavior in S. mexicanus while such behavior was concentrated in the reproductive period for S. spilosoma, the more common ground squirrel.

Cornet, Antoine. 1985. Las Cactˆceas de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapim'. Mexico, D.F.: ORSTOM, Insituto de Ecolog'a Publicación 18. OCLC 14581581

Delhoume, Jean P. and Maria E. Maury, editors. 1992. Actas del Seminario Mapim'. Estudio de las Relaciones Agua-Suelo-Vegetación en Una Zona ­rida del Norte de Mþxico orientado a la Utilización Racional de Estos Recursos para la Ganader'a Extensiva de Bovinos. Gómez-Palacio, Durango, Mþxico, 23-29 de octubre de 1989. Mþxico D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a, Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Dþveloppement en Coopþration (ORSTOM), and el Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centro Americanos. ISBN: 9687213299

Gallina, S, Ma E. Maury, K Rogovin, and D. Semenov. 1985. Comparación de dos comunidades de lagartijas desert'colas. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(11): 1-17. ISSN 0065-1737
Comparisons were made with the Repetek Biosphere Reserve in the Karakum Desert. "In both deserts space utilization was similar; these were some species of the open areas, some other of the shrubs, and finally some other that spend most of the time on the ground under or close to the vegetation. The abundance and diversity of lizards is greater in Mapim' (16.9 ind/ha and 2.38 than in Repetek (9.07 and 1.62 respectively)."

Delibes, Miguel, and Fernando Hiraldo. 1987. Food habits of the bobcat in two habitats of the southern Chihuahuan Desert. Southwestern Naturalist 32(4): 457-461. ISSN 0038-4909
Bobcats select abundant, medium-sized terrestial mammals as their prey, which in most Chihuahuan Desert areas are jackrabbits. This is true of Mapim', except where there are large populations of woodrats, such as the lower slopes of rocky hills.

Grenot, Claude J. 1983. Desierto Chihuahuense: fauna del Bolsón de Mapim'. Chapingo: Univeridad Autónoma Chapingo. OCLC 18115717

Grenot, Claude and Valentina Serrano. 1981. Ecological organization of small mammal communities at the Bolsón de Mapim', Mþxico. Pages 90-100 in Ecology of the Chihuahuan Desert (Robert Barbault and Gonzalo Halffter, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecologia. OCLC: 9206100
______. 1982. Densidad y estructura de la comunidad de roedores en el Bolson de Mapimi (Deserto Chihuahuense, Mexico). Pages 873-879 in Zoologia Neotropical: Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia (Pedro J. Salinas, editor). [Merida:Venezulela]. OCLC: 10431465
Rainfall, temperature, and food resources are the principle population limiting factors for the 11 species of rodents. Almost half the species are members of Heteromydae which are granivores.

______. 1982. Density and community structure of rodent communities in Mapimi Biosphere Reserve. Pages 881-889 in Zoologia Neotropical : Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia (Pedro J. Salinas, editor). OCLC 10431465

Halffter, Gonzalo editor 1978. Reservas de la Biofera en el Estado de Durango. Mþxico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a 4. OCLC: 5677624

Halffter, Gonzalo. 1981. Mapimi Biosphere Reserve: local participation in conservation and development. Ambio 10(2-3): 93-96. ISSN 0044-7447
Traditional economic uses of the area were considered and research conducted on ways to improve the livestock raising and agriculture without harming the core areas. About 100 people lived on private ranches or ejidos in the Bolson de Mapimi in 1981.

Halffler, Gonzalo and Exequiel Ezcurra. 1988. Evolution of the Biosphere Reserve Concept. Pages 188-207 in Fourth World Wilderness Congress, Proceedings of the Symposium on Biosphere Reserves, Estes Park, CO, September 14-17, 1987 (William P. Gregg, Stanley L. Krugman, and James D. Wood, editors). Gov Doc I29.2: B52

______. 1980. Biosphere reserves: a new method of nature protection. In Social and Environmental Consequences of Natural Resources Policies With Special Emphasis on Biosphere Reserves, Proceedings of the International Seminar April 8-13, 1980, Durango, Mexico. U.S. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Techical Report RM-88. Gov Doc A113.88: RM-88

Hernˆndez, L. and M. Delibes. 1994. Seasonal food habits of coyotes, Canis latrans, in the Bolson-de-Mapimi, Southern Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 59(2): 82-86. ISSN 0044-3468
"As a rule, lagomorphs were the most frequent item in autumn and winter, but fruits (mainly Opuntia sp.) predominated in the summer and rodents (mainly Neotoma albigula) in spring."

Hernˆndez, L., M. Delibes, and F. Hiraldo. 1994. Role of reptiles and arthropods in the diet of coyotes in extreme desert areas of northern Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 26(2): 165-170. ISSN 0140-1963
While rabbits and rodents are the main food items, these are supplemented with a considerable number of reptiles and arthropods in El Pinacate and fruit in Mapimi .

Kellert, Stephen R. 1986. Public understanding and appreciation of the biosphere reserve concept. Environmental Conservation 13(2): 101-105. ISSN 0376-8929

Kraus, A. 1992. Common ground: ranchers and researchers in the Mapmi Biosphere Reserve. Thesis (Ph.D.) University of California, Riverside. OCLC: 32813876
"The local residents accepted the Reserveis presence as a perceived means to protect their land from outsiders ... However, the Reserveis establishment has had little influence on regional forms of land use, with hte exception of the local cessation of hunting and poaching."

______. 1993. Environmental perceptions and social relations in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve. Conservation Biology 7(2): 398-406. ISSN 0888-8892
The cooperation of the local residednts has resulted in successsful protection of the Bolson tortoise. "However, coexisiting forms of land tenure and resource managment, including extensive cattle grazing, prevent complete protection of the core zone, and the gap between basic and applied research has hindered the reserveis managers and researchers from developing their good public relations into a plan for regional conservation."

López-Torres, Marcos. 1992. Animales y Plantas en Peligro de Extinción. Cd. Juárez: Escuela Superior de Agricultura "Hermanos Escobar." OCLC 30147079
Chapter 4 has a list entitled"Animales del Bolson de Mapimi."

Maganck, Richard A. 1981. Planning for ecodevelopment in the Chihuahuan desert. Parks 5(4): 4-8. ISSN 0363-0617

Mart'nez-Ojeda, E. and J. Morello. 1977. El medio f'sico y las unidades fisinómico-flor'sticas del Bolsón de Mapim'. Mþxico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a, Publicación 3. OCLC: 5276557

Mauchamp, A. and J. L. Janeau . 1993. Water funnelling by the crown of Flourensia cernua, a Chihuahuan Desert shrub. Journal of Arid Environments 25(3): 299-306. ISSN 0140-1963
Tarbush, a multi-stemmed plant that looks like an inverted cone, is the dominant shrub of vegetation stripes in the Chihuahuan Desert. Stemflow can channel nearly one half of total rainfall to the base of the shrub, which together with a high soil permeability at the ground around the stem, results in a greater soil water recharge.

Mauchamp, A., C. Monta¿a, J. Lepart, and S. Rambal. 1993. Ecotone dependent recruitment of a desert shrub, Flourensia cernua, in vegetation stripes. Oikos 68(1): 107-116. ISSN 0030-1299
Densely vegetated stripes parallel to the contour lines alternate with almost bare soil stripes are found in parts of the Chihuahuan Desert as well as Africa and Australia. Tobosa seedlings, Hilaria mutica, only survive on the upslope ecotones. Some stripes start with a dense shrub cover of tarbush while others with a 5 to 10 m wide belt of grass. Tarbush is characterized by successive local extinctions and colonizations that maintain the shifting stripes.

Maury, M.E. 1981. Food partition of lizard communities at the Bolsón de Mapim' (Mexico). Pages 137-141 in Ecology of the Chihuahuan Desert (Robert Barbault and Gonzalo Halffter, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecologia. OCLC: 9206100
Feeding behavior divided into two groups: those that forage widely as specialists in termites or ants, and those who are generalists who tend to sit and wait. Maury, M.E., and R. Barbault. 1981. Spatial organization of the lizard comunity of the Bolsón de Mapim' (Mexico). Pages 79-87 in Ecology of the Chihuahuan Desert (Robert Barbault and Gonzalo Halffter, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecologia. OCLC: 9206100 The coexistance of 17 species of lizards can be explained largely in spatial separation into groups of four to six main species where competition is limited by choice of micro-environments and foraging strategies.

Monta¿a, Carlos. 1984. Ecological and Socio-Economic Research in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve. Pages 520-533 in Conservation, Science and Society, Contributions to the First International Biosphere Reserve Congress, Minsk, Byelorussia/USSR, 26 September-2 October. 1983. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). ISBN: 9231022547

______, editor. 1988. Estudio Integrado de Los Recursos Vegetación, Suelo y Agua en la Reserva de la Biofera de Mapim'. Mexico D. F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a, Publicación 23. ISBN 9-68-7213-09-4

_______. 1990. A floristic-structural gradient related to land forms in the southern Chihuahuan desert (Mexico). Journal of Vegetation Science 1(5): 669-674. ISSN: 1100-9233
Vegetation types are ordered along a gradient of land forms. The richest zone is the bajada, moderately poor in water availability. The playas have the greatest amount of water, but had the lowest species richness.

______. 1992. Colonization of bare areas in two-phase mosaics of an arid ecosystem. Journal of Ecology 80(2): 315-327. ISSN 0022-0477
Densely vegetated patches regularly alternate with almost bare areas on smooth slopes of many arid lands due to sheet flow run off. A general scheme of succession is proposed for the upslope fringe.

Monta¿a, Carlos, Bruno Cavagnaro, and Oscar Briones. 1995. Soil water by co-existing shrubs and grasses in the southern Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 31(1): 1-13. ISSN 0140-1963
Grass and shrubs co-exist in vegetation arcs because of shrub recruitment which occurs where grass biomass is low. "A drastic reduction in grass biomass because of grazing would depress the competitive ability of the grasses and may preferentially facilitate the establishment of livestock-dispersed species like Prosopis glandulosa." Morafka, David J., Gary A. Adest, Gustavo Aguirre, and Michael Recht. 1981. Ecology of the Bolson tortoise Gopherus flavomarginatus. Pages 38-76 in Ecology of the Chihuahuan Desert (Robert Barbault and Gonzalo Halffter, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecologia. OCLC: 9206100
"Maximal tortoise densities occurred on soils with a 1 to 2.5% grades." Summer flooding on the bolson floors may be a limitation while desert pavement makes excavation difficult or impossible on steeper grades. "Observed predation has been confined to man, who preys upon eggs and adults." They often suffer from respiratory infections.

Morafka, D. J., C. J. McCoy, R. B. Burg, and S.S. Lieberman. 1988. Ecogeography of the Mexican bolson tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus): derivation of its endangered status and recommendations for its conservation. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 57(1): 1-72. ISSN: 0097-4463
The distribution of the bolson tortoise is highly disjunct with only about 6000 sq. km. providing habitat or connecting areas that sustain populations. Not more than 10,000 adults exist for the entire species as extrapolated from local colony density data. The most important factors determining the present distribution were human induced extirpation, topographic relief and the presence of playas. "Those at the western and northeastern periphery of the speciesi range may well be extirpated before the end of the century."

Nocedal, Jorge and Maria Eugenia Maury. 1996. Enclave de protección en el desierto: La Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapim'. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de la Conservación. 1996(4): 4-11. OCLC: 32209547
The endangered golden eagle use the hills for nesting and shelter, but the greatest biodiversity is found in the bajadas. The endangered Mapim' tortoise inhabits the grasslands of the playas which are also used for cattle and horses. The rotation of livestock between parcels (potreros) versus free-range has been studied.

Rivera-Garc'a, Eduardo. 1986. Estudio Faunistico de los Acridoidea de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapim', Durango, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 0(14): 1-27. ISSN 0065-1737

Rivera-Garc'a, Eduardo and Guadalupe Viggers-Carrasco. 1991. Estructura trofica de una communidad de artropodos epigeos, en un magueyal del Bolson de Mapimi, Dgo,. Mexico (Desierto Chihuahuense). Acta Zoologica Mexicana 0(48): 1-29. ISSN: 0065-1737
The climate has major impact on all groups of arthropods in this arid region.

Rodriguez-Estrella, Ricardo and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio. 1993. Burrowing owls in Mapimi, Mexico. Journal of Raptor Research 27(1): 62-63. ISSN 0892-1016

__________. 1993. Nest site characteristics and reproductive success of burrowing owls (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Durango, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 41(1): 143-148. ISSN 0034-7744
Most burrow nests were under playa grassland or associations of mesquite and creosote bush. Kangaroo-rat or fox burrows are the most commonly used. Breeding pairs spaced themselves out with the mean distance being over 1 km. Cattle raising is a potential cause for loss of burrows suitable for nesting.

Rogovin, Konstantin, Georgiy Shenbrot, and Alexey Surov. 1991. Analysis of spatial organization of a desert rodent community in Bolson de Mapimi, Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 72(2): 347-359. ISSN: 0022-2372
"In general, communities in Bolson de Mapimi do not have distinct guilds of species ecologically specialized in resource space." Mapimi rodents tend to have broad spatial niches. The type of social organization such as territorial relations can influence population density.

Rojas-Fernanadez, Patricia, and Carlos Fragosa. 1994. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico. Sociobiology 24(1): 47-75. ISSN 0361-6525.
Keys to the species and field behavior notes on each of the 32 species of ants grouped in 19 genera are provided.

Rogovin, K. A., Georgiy Shenbrot, and Alexey Surov. 1991. Analysis of spatial organization of a desert rodent community in Bolson de Mapimi, Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 72(2): 347-359. ISSN 0022-2372

Rogovin, K.A., A. V. Surov and V. Serrano. 1985. Niche convergence in the desert rodents of two communities. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(10): 1-32. ISSN 0065-1737
Rodents from the trans-Altai Gobi of Central Asis were compared to those at Mapimi by the method of cluster analysis. The rodent habitat variation in the climatically more severe Gobi was greater than in the Chihuhuan desert and the rodents were taxonomically more divergent. The plant zones are more restricted by geomorphological factors, there is less shrub cover, and the desert has existed longer so the rodents of the Gobi have less ecological plasticity than American rodents.

Rogovin, Konstantin A., Alexei V. Surov and Georgiy I. Shenbrot. 1993. Dynamics of spatial organization of the desert-rodent community of Mapimi (Mexico). Soviet Journal of Ecology 23(4): 258-264. ISSN 0096-7807

Serrano, Valentina. 1982. Habitos alimenticios de las principales especies de roedores del Bolson de Mapimi (Reserva de la Biosfera, Mapim', Dgo. Pages 873-879 in Zoologia Neotropical: Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia (Pedro J. Salinas, editor). [Merida: Venezulela]. OCLC: 10431465
The plant most used year-round was the creosote bush. The fruit of the prickly pear tree, Opuntia rastera, was important to larger rodents such as packrats.

______. 1987. Las comunidades de roedores deserticolas del Bolson de Mapim', Durango. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(20): 1-22. ISSN 0065-1737
Diversity was highest in the nopalera (prickly pear zones), while species richess was highest in the grasslands, however overall densities were higher in the agave zone on the bajada. Pocket mice, genus Perognathus, and kangaroo rats, Dipodomys, had the largest populations. Because of abundant rains, 1979 was the year with the greatest density of rodents.

Servin, J. and Carmen Huxley. 1995. Coyote home range size in Durango, Mexico. Zeitschrift fuer Saeugetierkunde 60(2): 119-120. ISSN: 0044-3468

Shenbrot, Georgiy, Konstantin A. Rogovin, and Alexei V. Surov. 1991. Comparative analysis of spatial organization of desert lizard communities in Middle Asia and Mexico. Oikos 61(2): 157-168. ISSN: 0030-1299
To investigate coexistance of species, comparisons of lizard spatial organization and niche pattern were made at the Bukhara Central Asian Gazelle Ranch in the Kyzylkum desert and at Mapimi. The mean densities of most populations in Mapimi were four times lower than in Bukhara and half of Mapimiis species are found infrequently. The nich overlap in Mapimi is lower than in Bukhara. There is a greater body size differentiation at Bukhara, which facilitates co-occurrence of species of the same foraging guild, utilizing prey of different sizes.

Silvertown, Jonathan and J. Bastow Wilson. 1994. Community structure in a desert perennial community. Ecology 75(2): 409-417. ISSN 0012-9658
"Nurse plants" play a significant role in community structure by providing conditions for establishment or enhanced dispersal (probably by rodents). The two main foci, Larrea tridentata, creosotebush, and Opuntia rastrera, a prickly-pear differed in the overall species composition of their associated flora. There was also checkerboarding indicating the possibility of some competitive exclusion.

Thio, Jean Marc. 1981. Structure and seasonal changes of bird poplulation in a desert scrub or northern Mexico. Pages 143-167 in Ecology of the Chihuahuan Desert (Robert Barbault and Gonzalo Halffter, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecologia. OCLC: 9206100
"Although bird density is low, species richness is relatively high, allowing a maximum exploitation of the rather low available resources." The main population regulating factor is rainfall. Only 59% of breeeding species are resident year-round and they shift their distribution thoughout the year. The fluctuations of density, distribution, breeding dates, and species composition from year to year suggest that birds have yet to fully adapt to this desert habitat compared to Old World deserts.

Valverde, Pedro L. and Carlos Monta¿a. 1996. A rapid methodology for vegetation survey in Mexican arid lands. Journal of Arid Environments 34(1): 89-99. ISSN: 0140-1963.
Landform is the variable that best explains the variability between vegetation types. "The addition of other variables influencing soil water availability such as topography, surface rockiness and soil origin confers a high degree of predictability to the mathematical models describing the relationship between vegetation types and environmental variables."

MARAPOSA MONARCA (Reserva Especial de la Biosfera)

______. 1996. Monarch butterfly orientation: missing pieces of a magnificent puzzle. Journal of Experimental Biology 199(1): 93-103 ISSN: 0022-0949
Observations show that adult monarchs orient in specific directions, compensate for wind drift, maintain direction while flying under overcast skies, stop at appropriate overwintering destinations and using an innate orientation mechanism they change their orientation systematically during the course of the year. After establishing a cardenolide "fingerprint" of monarch raised on different milkweeds, thin layer chromatography of migrating monarchs reveal their geographic range. Broweris hypothesis is that orientation changes continuouly clockwise at a rate of one degree per day through all generations of the annual migratory cycle. Shortening daylength and cooler temperature cause them to aggregate and their migratory orientation would then be due south. Day by day their heading would shift westward until they arrived in the overwintering area in Mexico at the end of November. By the spring equinox, their heading would have shifted over the winter to due north.

Brower, Lincoln P. and William H. Calvert. 1985. Foraging dynamics of bird predators on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Evolution 39(4): 852-868. ISSN 0014-3820
Black-backed orioles and black-headed grosbeaks are the primary predators and they eat more males than females. The hypothesis is proposed that the birds feed on a 7.85 day cycle to rid themselves of the toxic level of cardenolides. The risk to individual monarchs is smaller in large colonies and lower still in the center of the colony. Natural selection would have favored ever tighter aggregation behavior and for leaving the colony as infrequently as possible.

Brower, L. P., B. E. Horner, M. M. Marty, C. M. Moffit, and B. Villa. 1985. Mice (Peronyscus maniculatus labecula, P. spicilegus, and Microtus mexicanus) as predators of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in Mexico. Biotropica 17(2): 89-101. ISSN: 0006-3606

Brower, Lincoln P. and Frans Lanting. 1988. A place in the sun. Animal Kingdom 91(4): 44-51. ISSN 0003-3537

Calvert, William H. and Lincoln P. Brower. 1986. The location of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering colonies in Mexico in relation to topography and climate. Journal of the Lepidoteristsi Society 40(3): 164-187. ISSN: 0024-0966
The climate and physiography of the Transvolcanic Belt provide a high altitude forest in the tropics which meet physiological requirements of the monarch. The low temperatures lower their metabolism yet there are sufficient sunny days to allow thermoregulatory basking and flight. "During November and December the numerous small groups consolidate into a few large compact aggregations and move downward into more protected positions closer to water." In the last half of February and March, the process reverses.

Calvert, William, Marin B. Hyatt, and Norma Mendoza-Villase¿or. 1986. Effects of understory vegetation on the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies, (Danaus plexippus l.) in Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(18): 1-17. ISSN 0065-1737
Butterflies in exposed areas lacking low vegetation suffer low temperatures and accumulate more frost and dew. Understory vegetation may provide a partial refuge until warm weather returns and the monarchs can fly back to the firs.

Calvert, William H. and R. O. Lawton. 1993. Comparative phenology of variation in size, weight, and water content of eastern North American monarach butterflies at five overwintering sites in Mexico. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 0(38): 299-307. ISSN: 0076-0943.
The core colonies were located near Angangueo, Michoacán and colonies located near Nevado de Toluca were considered outlying. Metabolic demands do differ between colonies, particularly as influenced by the amount of nectar available nearby.

Calvert, William, Willow Zuchowski, and Lincoln P. Brower. 1983. Effect of rain, snow and freezing temperatures on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Biotropica 15(1): 42-47. ISSN: 0006-3606.
A ten day storm in 1981 killed at least 2.5 million butterflies, yet the numbers were so great (possibly 10 million) that the majority of the overwintering monarchs lived. Factors affecting mortality were exposure to rain and snow on branches compared to clusters of monarchs on the trunk and extent of lipid reserves of individual monarchs.

Chapela, Gonzalo y David Barkin. 1995. Monarcas y campesinos: estrategia de desarrolo sustentable en el oriente de Michoacˆn. Mþxico, D.F.: Centro de Ecolog'a y Desarrollo. OCLC: 34532459

Conrad, Jon, M.and Gustavo Salas. 1993. Economic strategies for coevolution: timber and butterflies in Mexico. Land Economics 69(4): 404-415. ISSN 0023-7639
A model of socioeconomic coevolution is used to evaluate alternative rates of timber harvest from the monarch butterfly preserves. Manipulation of scale, timing and duration of economic activities to maintain biodiversity will in turn affect local social institutions.

El fenomeno migratorio de la mariposa monarca: acciones para su conservacion. 1990. Pages 192-202 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mþxico y Especies en Extincion (Jose L. Camarillo-R. and Fermin Rivera-A., editors). Mexico D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
A summary is given of a workshop over planning objectives for the biosphere reserve. A government agency, SEDUE met with Monarca, A. C. and World Wildlife Fund resulting in a management plan, several scientific studies, training of park guards, and aerial photography of the protected areas.

Fink, Linda S., and Lincoln P. Brower. 1981. Birds can overcome the cardenolide defence of monarch butterflies in Mexico. Nature 291(5810, May 7): 67-70. ISSN 0028-0836
The birds kill the monarchs randomly with respect to cardenolide content (heart poisons), but once killed the amount eaten was inversely proportional to the content. The grosbeaks were more insensitive to the cardenolide. Fink, Linda S., Lincoln P. Brower, Robert B. Waide, and Paul R. Spitzer. 1983. Overwintering monarch butterflys as food for insectivorous birds in Mexico. Biotropica 15(2): 151-153. ISSN 0006-3606
Not all monarchs are unpalatable, but the aversive compounds probably prevent the majority of insectivorous birds at the overwintering site from feeding heavily on monarchs. Glendinning, John I, Alfonso Alonso-Mejia, and Lincoln P. Brower. 1988. Behavioral and ecological interactions of foraging mice (Peromyscus melanotis) with overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in Mexico. Oecologia 75(2): 222-227. ISSN 0029-8549
Three species of mice are not adversely affected by the cardenolides of the monarch and move to the overwintering colonies to feed
































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on live and dead butterflies on the ground and on low vegetation. "Mice attacked on average 39.9 wet (freshly-killed) butterflies per night." The impact on the population may be substantial.

Glendinning, John I. and Lincoln P. Brower. Feeding and breeding responses of of five mice species to overwintering aggregations of the monarch butterfly. Journal of Animal Ecology 59(3): 1091-1112. ISSN: 0021-8790
Only Peromyscus melanotis is not deterred by the monarchis chemical defenses.

Herman, W. S., L. P. Brower, W. H. Calvert. 1989. Reproductive tract development in monarch butterflies overwintering in California and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopteristsi Society 43: 50-58. ISSN: 0024-0966

Kelly, R.B., J. N. Seiber, A. D. Jones, H. J. Segall, and L. P. Brower. 1987. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) from Mexico. Experientia 43: 943-946. ISSN: 0014-4754

Malcolm, Stephen B. and Myron P. Zalucki, editors. 1993. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. OCLC: 27655571

Masters, Alan R., Stephen B. Malcolm, and Lincoln P.Brower. 1988. Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) thermoregulatory behavior and adaptations for overwintering in Mexico. Ecology 69(2): 458-467. ISSN: 0012-9658
At the overwintering site in the Sierra Chincua, Michoacán, a winter storm dislodged a substantial portion of the colony in 1983 and several cold, clear days followed. To avoid overheating and the resulting increase in lipid metabolism, monarchs fly above the colony. While doing so they mainly glide, flapping infrequently then drop to more shaded vegetation. However, when sunny conditions change to cloudy, the monarchs instantly take flight back towards the colony.

Mathews, Downs and Dan Guravich. 1992. Mountain monarchs. Wildlife Conservation 95(5): 27-29,78. ISSN 1048-4949
The Refuge of El Rosario, one of the major overwintering sites, now has a oyamel tree nursery that produces 250,000 fir tree seedlings a year. Monarca, a private organization is helping reforest 115 square miles of cutover land.

Maz, E. J. de la and W. H. Calvert. 1993. Investigations of possible monarch butterfly overwintering areas in central and southeastern Mexico. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Series 0(38): 295-297. ISSN 0076-0943

Rain of terror. 1993. Economist 327(7813, May 29): 91. ISSN 0013-0613
Tourists stir up the overwintering monarch butterflies to photograph them in flight. This uses up energy reserves the butterflies need to survive the winter, then the combination of severe weather and tampled understory vegetation leaves thousands dead.

Silvius, Kirsten, M. 1995. Monarch trouble in Mexico. Wildlife Conservation 98(4): 10. ISSN 1048-4949

Troubridge, J. T. 1988. A program for the protection of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus, (Lepidopter: Danaidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 119: 91. ISSN 0071-0768

Urquhart, Fred. 1987. Monarch butterfly: International Traveler. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. ISBN: 0830410392

Zimmer, Carl. 1996. Flight of the butterfly: Monarchs fly a multigenerational circle around the eastern United States every year. Discover 17(5): 38-39. ISSN: 0274-7529
Discusses Lincoln Broweris milkweed chemical fingerprint studies and their use in tracking monarch generations across North America and back to Mexico. Greater conservation efforts for the winter refuge are also called for.

Zuckerman, Jim. 1989. Millones de monarcas. Americas 41:18-19,40-43. ISSN 0379-0940
Describes research organized by William Calvert to identify the ecological and meteorological factors that are most crucial in determining monarch population size.

LA MICHILIA (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Ezcurra, Exequiel and Sonia Gallina. 1980. Manejo combinado del venado y el ganado en el norte de Mexico. Rangelands 2(5): 208-209. ISSN: 0190-0528

Galindo-Leal, Carlos, Angeles Morales-G., and Manuel Weber-R. 1993. Distribution and abundance of Coues deer and cattle in Michilia Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 38(2): 127-135. ISSN 0038-4909
"The data suggest that overgrazing by cattle and hunting strongly influence distribution and abundance of deer." Deer abundance is higher in the core of the reserve.

Galino-Leal, Carlos. 1992. Overestimation of deer densities in Michilia Biosphere Reserve, Durango Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 37(2): 209-212. ISSN 0038-4909

Gallina, Sonia. 1981. Food habits of white-tailed deer. Pages 134-147 in Deer Biology, Habitat Requirements, and Management in Western North America (Peter Ffolliot and Sonia Gallina, editors). Mþxico D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a.. OCLC 9346064
The deer and cattle diets overlap in the driest season of the year, yet in terms of species consumed there seems to be little overlap. The principal species such as manzanita, oaks, madrone, guasapol, mistletoe and gatu¿a are abundant and not limiting. _______. 1981. Forest ecosystems of northwestern Mþxico. Pages 28-56 in Deer Biology, Habitat Requirements, and Management in Western North America (Peter Ffolliot and). Mexico D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a. OCLC 9346064

______. 1988. Importancia del injerto (Phoradendron sp.) para el venado. Southwestern Naturalist 33(1): 21-25. ISSN:
White-tailed deer actively search for mistletoes and it makes up 20% of their diet. ______. 1990. Estimación de parametros poblacionales por metodos indirectos en areas protegidas. In Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mþxico y Especies en Extincion (Jose L Camarillo-R. and Fermin Rivera-A., editors). Mexico D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
Indirect means of censusing wildlife populations such as counts of tracks or scats are useful in protected areas or with populations in danger of extinction because there is less disturbance to the animals. Deer population studies at La Michil'a are compared to those in La Reserva Biológica de Do¿ana, Spain and in the Sierra de San Blas del Pabellón.

______. 1993. Biomasa disponible y capacidad de carga para el venado y el ganado en La reserva La Michil'a, Durango. Pages 438-453 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
"In the mixed forest it is possible to have 0.22 deer/ha and 0.16 cow/ha coexisting, whereas in the grassland only 0.0025 deer/ha and 0.22 cows/ha. Considering the exclusive use by the habitat of one ruminant species it is possible to maintain 0.41 deer/ha in the forest and 0.22 cows/ha in the grassland.

_____. 1993. White-tailed deer and cattle diets at La Michilia, Durango, Mexico. Journal of Range Management 46(6): 487-492. ISSN:
Coues white-tails preferred shrub and treee species which made up 85% of the diet. Some competion occured during the wet season, but forage was abundant which reduced potential conflicts. "Deer and cattle can simultaneously forage in this area without detriment to either species. The vegetation can maintain a stable compostion under higher utilization levels when used by 2 herbivores with different forage patterns than when used by only 1 herbivore."

Gallina, Sonia and Exequiel Ezcurra. 1980. Wildlife management: white-tailed deer in La Michilia Biosphere Reserve. In Social and Environmental Consequences of Natural Resources Policies With Special Emphasis on Biosphere Reserves, Proceedings of the International Seminar April 8-13, 1980, Durango, Mexico. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-88. Gov Doc A113.88: RM-88

Gallinia, Sonia and Exequiel Ezcurra. 1992. Deer densities in La Michilia; a reply to Galindo. Southwestern Naturalist 37(4): 422-424. ISSN 0038-4909

González-Elizondo, Socorro, Martha González-Elizondo, and Armando Cortes-Ortiz. 1993. Vegetacion de la reserva de la biosfera "La Michilia", Durango, Mexico. Acta Botˆnica Mexicana 22(1): 1-104. ISSN 0187-7151 "Its vegetation is representative of that of million of hectares of the Mexican Sierra Madre Occidental, especially of its eastern slopes at altitudes between 20000 and 3000 meters." "Oak and oak-pine forests form the bulk of the vegetation, and are represented by diverse associations."

Halffter, Gonzalo editor 1978. Reservas de la Biofera en el Estado de Durango. Mþxico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a 4. OCLC: 5677624

Halffter, Gonzalo and Peter F. Ffolliott. 1981. La Michil'a and Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserves. Pages 19-25 in Deer Biology, Habitat Requirements, and Management in Western North America (Peter Ffolliot and Sonia Gallina, editors). Mexico D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a.. OCLC 9346064
Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserve, located in the Coconino National Forest in north Central Arizona is compared to La Michil'a. Both share similar climatic, topographic, and land use characteristics, primarily grazing. Descriptions of game animals and some non-game wildlife are given.

Hiraldo, Fernando, Miguel Delibes, and Jose A. Donazar. 1991. Comparison of diets of turkey vultures in three regions of northern Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 62(3): 319-324. ISSN 0273-8570
Comparing results in Los Mochis (Sinaloa), Gómez Palacio (Durango), and La Michil'a (Durango) showed that pigs and other livestock carcasses as well as juniper berries dominated at Michil'a. In the other areas smaller items predominated.

Hiraldo, Fernando, Miguel Delibes, Javier Bustamante, and Ricardo Estrella. Overlap in the diets of diurnal raptors breeding at the Michilia Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico. Journal of Raptor Research 25(2): 25-29. ISSN 0892-1016
Diet overlap was small between the turkey vulture, black hawk, zone-tailed hawk, red-tailed hawk, Cooperis hawk, and American kestrel. The black hawk specialized on fish. The other hawks ate similar prey, but hunted in different habitats and captured different species. "The American Kestrel ate the same prey as the Red-tailed Hawk but selected younger and smaller individuals."

Hiraldo, Fernando, Miguel Delibes, and Ricardo R. Estrella. 1989. Observations of a zone-tailed hawk family during the post fledging period. Journal of Raptor Research 23(2): 103-106. ISSN 0892-1016
The female was more responsible for defense of the nest area, while the male role was providing food. "Apparent aggression of adults towards yound may be related to the development of juvenile flight and /or to dispersal."

Lopez-Vidal, J. C. and Ticul Alvarez. 1993. Biologia de la rata montera, Neotoma mexicana en La Michilia, Durango, Mexico. Pages 185-195 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
The life cycle is described. A year-round population density average of 13.3 woodrats per hectare was found.

Nocedal, J. 1994. Local migrations of insectivorous birds in western Mexico;: implications for the protection and conservation of their habitats. Bird Conservation International 4(2-3): 129-142. ISSN 0959-2709. Local or altitudinal migrations from woodlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental to overwintering sites in the tropical forest of the Pacific lowlands put these foliage-gleaning birds at some risk. There is only one protected area in western Mexico which contains suitable forest. A proposal to enlarge La Michilia Biosphere Reserve to include the valley of the Rio Mezquital and the western slope of the valley is described. The other overwintering sites are currently not seriously threatened by the present level of logging and grazing.

________. 1994. Foraging Ecology of Foliage-Gleaning Insectivorous Birds of an Oak-Pine Woodland of Southern Durango, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation. Las Cruces NM: New Mexico State University. OCLC 32828018

Ochoa, Armando. 1980. Intregral development of the rural communities. In Social and Environmental Consequences of Natural Resources Policies With Special Emphasis on Biosphere Reserves, Proceedings of the International Seminar April 8-13, 1980, Durango, Mexico. U.S. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-88. Gov Doc A113.88: RM-88

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo, and Laura Arriaga. 1990. Seasonal abundance, reproductive tactics and resource partitioning in two sympatric Sceloporus lizards (Squamata: Iguanidae) of Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 38(2B): 491-495. ISSN 0034-7744
Both Sceloporus grammicus and S. scalaris are very common in most of the areas they inhabit. The hatching of S. grammicus eggs just before the rainy season corresponds with the abundance of insects, while S. scalaris lays eggs during the rainy season when the females can allocate more energy to the eggs and lay them when incubation conditions are best. One species prefers fallen trunks or branches, the other dwells on the ground.

Rodr'guez-Estrella, Ricardo. 1994. Group size and flight altitude of turkey vultures in two habits in Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 106(4): 749-752. ISSN: 0043-5643
Comparison were made between La Michilia and Mapimi where both populations were small. "Turkey vultures may search in larger groups at higher altitudes in the forest of La Michilia because more profitable larger carcases are available than in the desert of Mapimi."

Serv'n, Jorge and Carmen Huxley. 1991. La dieta del coyote en un bosque de encino-pino de La Sierra Madre Occidental de Durango, Mþxico. Acta Zoológica Mexicana, Nueva serie 0(44): 1-43. ISSN: At the buffer zone of La Reserva de la Biósfera La Michil'a mammals were the main food item followed by fruits. Birds, reptiles and insects together only amounted to 9% of the intake.

_______. 1991. Algunos aspectos de la conducta social del lobo mexicano (Canis lupus baileyi) en cautiverio. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(45): 1-43. ISSN 0065-1737 Serv'n, Jorge, and Carmen Huxley. 1991. La dieta del coyote en un bosque de encino-pino de la Sierra Madre Occidental de Durango, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(44): 1-26. ISSN 0065-1737.
Mammals were the primary food during the dry season of winter and spring, fruites in the summer. Birds, reptiles, and insects made up only 9% of the diet year-round.

_______. 1993. Biologia del coyote (Canis latrans) en la Reserva de la Biosfera " La Michilia", Durango. Pages 198-204 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
Mammals, particularly cotton rats, and fruits were the main food items. "The mean home range size (X=9.2 sq. km) was similar to those reported elsewhere in North America. Results of food habits and home range size studies suggest that coyotes do not interfere with cattle raising activities in this area."

Serv'n, Jorge and O. J. Polaco. 1985. Herptetofauna de la Michil'a, Durango, Mþxico. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politþcnico Nacional 28: 73-97. ISSN: 0365-1932

MONTES AZULES (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Arizpe-S., Lourdes. 1996. Cultural and global change: Social Perceptions of Deforestation in the Lacandona Rain Forest in Mexico. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN: 0472-10652-X Bayona, Arturo, and Adriana de Castro. 1994. Laguna Miramar: Vida y Experiencias. Xochimilco, D.F.: Inquietudes.
Miramar is the largest lake in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve. The authors relate their experiences camping and living with the Lacandon Indians. They collected ethnographic data and tracked the larger wildlife, particularly the white-lipped peccary.

De la Maza-E., J., and R. de la Maza-E. 1985. Butterflies of Boca de Chajul Chiapas, Mexico (Rhopalocera): Part 1 Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Lepidopterologia A. C. 9(2): 23-44. OCLC 2477279

De la Maza-E, J., and R de la Maza-E. 1985. Butterflies of Boca de Chajul Chiapas, Mexico (Rhopalocera): Part 2 Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Lepidopterologia A. C. 10(1): 1-24. OCLC 2477279

Delgado, Julio. 1994. Diversity in the Lacandon Forest. Business Mexico 4(5): 41-42. ISSN 0187-1455

González-Garcia, Fernanado. 1993. Avifauna de la Reserva de la Biosfera "Montes Azules", Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie 0(55): 1-86. ISSN 0065-1737 Observations in various parts of the reserve reveal 344 species of birds. A total of 53 species are migrants, 15 transient migrants, and 5 are intertropical migrants. Thirty percent are apparently restricted to primary vegetation. Fifty two percent are insectivores, 17% are frugivores, 11% carnivores, 9% granivores and 7% are nectarivores. General ecological data is given for each species. At least 13 species are classified as threatened or endangered.

Leyva-S., Xochitl. 1990. La conservación de los recursos naturales visto desde los factores sociales: el caso de las Ca¿adas de la Selva Lacondona. Revista de Difusion Cientifica, Technologica, y Humanistica 1(2): 43-50. OCLC 28142791

Medellin, Rodrigo A. 1993. Estructura y diversidad de una comunidad de murcielagos en el tropico humedo mexicana. Pages 334-354 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
Montes Azules with 50 bat species is one of the most diverse in the world because of an Amazonian component and a large migratory population. Rare species number 34 while only 16 species are abundant. "Reproductive data for 34 species suggest timing of reproduction concides with highest food availabilty for each tropic group. The study site was the junction of R'o Lacantìn and R'o Chajul.

______. 1994. Mammal diversity and conservation in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Conservation Biology 8(3): 780-799. ISSN 0888-8892
Montes Azules has a total of 112 mammal species of which 17 are Middle-American endemics. The majority (57%) are bats. "Montes Azul (and thus the Selva Lacandona) is especially noteworthy because (1) it contains a greater proportion of species facing conservation problems than expected from a random draw of Mexican mammals (2) it is probably the most diverse ecosystem in Mexico, (3) many species sustain their only Mexican populations in this area; and (4) it is the largest remnant of tropical rainforest in Mexico and is part of the largest expanse of that vegetation type in Central America."

Medellin, Rudrigo A., Guillermina Urbano-Vidales, Oscar Tþllez-Girón-S., and Hector Arita-W. 1986. Notas sobre mucrcielagos del este de Chiapas. Southwestern Naturalist 31(4): 532-535. ISSN: 0038-4909
The collection sites were at Ejido Boca del R'o Chajul, and la Confluencia del Arroyo Miranda and el Rio Lacantìn.

Nocedal, Jorge. 1981. Avifauna de la región Lacanjˆ Chansayab, Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Pages 15-40 in Estudios Ecologicos en el Tropico Mexicano (Pedro Reyes-Castillo, editor). Mþxico, D.F.: Instituto de Ecolog'a. OCLC 9504780

Ortega-Escalona, Fernando, Iracema Castillo-Morales, Tomˆs F. Carmona-Valdovinos. 1992. Notas sobre los recursos forestales en Mexico. parte II. La Selva Lacandona. Universidad y Ciencia 9(17): 29-41. ISSN 0186-2979

Quintana-Ascencio, Pedro Francisco, Mario Gonzˆlez-Espinosa, Neptal' Ram'rez-Marcial, Gabiela Dom'nguez-Vˆzquez, and Miguel Martinez-Icó. 1996. Soil seed banks and regeneration of tropical rain forest from milpa fields at the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Biotropica 28(2): 192-209. ISSN: 0006-3606.
Both slash and burn agricultural methods and the establishment of pasture for livestock were examined on the NE border of the biosphere reserve. The best preserved forest stands were located close to the Bonampak archaeological site. The rapid expansion of pastures and fields had modified soil seed banks so secondary succession is impeded because of increasing competition with weed species. Fewer early succesional trees provide less microhabitat for late successional tree species. The traditional Maya milpa system takes advantage of forest regeneration and minimizes weed establishment, but these processes involve 20-25 year fallow periods which are not part of current Mexican agricultural practices. Poor agricultural practices in the surrounding lands will directly affect the sustainability of Lacandon Maya agriculture.

Rangel-Salazar, J. Luis, Paula.-L. Enr'quez Rocha, and J. Humberto Vega-Rivera. 1993. Riqueza de especies de aves de sotobosque en la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mþxico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 41(2): 273-279. ISSN 0034-7744
Species richness of underforest birds in the Lacandon forest of Chiapas is described.

Thorsell, Jim. 1992. Sixteen areas added to global threatened parks list. Ambio 21(2): 187-188. ISSN 0044-7447

Vˆsquez-Sˆnchez, Miguel Angel and Mario A. Ramos-Olmos. 1992. Reserva de la Biofera Montes Azules, Selva Lacandona: Investigacion para su conservacion. San Cristóbal de las Casas: Centro de Estudios para la Conservación de los Recursos Naturales, A.C. (ECOSFERA).
Specialists contributed chapters on the vegetation, earthworms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Socioeconomic characteristics and the history of the Biosphere Reserve as well as the decline of the Lacandon forest in general are discussed. Due to commercial exploitation, a refuge for the Central American river turtle should be set up on the Tzendales and San Pedro Rivers.

Vega-Rivera, Jorge Humberto. 1990. Situacion actual del Conocimiento faunistico de La Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules: una reflexion sobre la problematica de su investigacion. Pages 259-270 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mexico y Especies en Extinción (Josþ L. Camarillo-R., and Ferm'n Rivera-A, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
This report sumarizes wildlife inventories that have been conducted on fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Additional research areas are suggested.

Warkentin, Ian G., Russell Greenberg, and Javier Salgado-Ortiz. 1995. Songbird use of gallery woodlands in recently cleared and older settled landscapes of the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Conservation Biology 9(5): 1095-1106. ISSN 0888-8892
Tropical arroyo vegetation had a wide diversity of songbird species that differed little between those landscapes cleared recently and those cleared up to 35 years previously. "Loss of forest specalists occurs rapidly, with little further loss as the arroyos become increasingly isolated. Protection of arroyo vegetation will increase the diversity of birds living in agricultural areas and can be achieved simply by expanding upon land-use practices currently in use."

NEVADO DE COLIMA (Parque Nacional)

DesGranges, Jean-Luc. 1979. Organization of a tropical nectar feeding bird guild in a varible environment. Living Bird 17(2): 199-236. ISSN 1059-521X
Study sites were established in the arid thorn forest, riparian gallery forest, arid pine-oak forest, and the humid pine-oak forest. Migrants favor the humid pine-oak forest. The 21 hummingbirds of the area were grouped in a hierarchy of relative dominance.. Resident species generally have a high level of dominance and prefer tubular flowers. "Habitats in Colima are varied and each one possesses a particular set of species which can migrate to other habitats when the residents there fail to use all the available food." Territorial species exploiting clumps of flowers and trapliners feeding at scattered flowers allows the stable coexistence of closely similar species by a finer division of resources.

OMILTEMI, CHILPANCINGO (Parque Ecologica Estatal)

PALENQUE (Parque Nacional)

PANTANOS DE CENTLA (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Correa-Sandoval, Jorge and Charles S. Luthin. 1988. Propuesta para la protección de la cigôe¿a jabirì en el Sureste de Mþxico. Pages 607-615 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). 1988. Villahermosa, Tabasco: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN 9-68-628013-8

Grac'a-Ortega, Josþ Manuel. 1988. Humedales de Mþxico y el sistema nacional de areas naturales protegidas (SINAP). Pages 689-697 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). 1988. Villahermosa, Tabasco: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN 9-68-628013-8

López-Hernˆndez, Eduardo. 1993. Aspectos de la vegetación de los pantanos del municipio de Centla, Tabasco, Mþxico. Universidad y Ciencia 10(19): 43-56. ISSN 0186-29079

López-Hernˆndez, Eduardo, and Francisco Maldonado-Mares. 1992. Lista flor'stica de los pantanos del Delta Grijalva-Usumacinta en el municipio de Centla, Tabasco, Mexico. Universidad y Ciencia 9(18): 48- . ISSN 0186-2979

López-Hernˆndez, Eduardo, and Cristina Pþrez-López. Elementos para el desarrollo de programas de educación ambiental para una reserva de la biófera Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco, Mþxico. Universidad y Ciencia 10(19): 27-42. ISSN 0186-29079

Lot, H.Y., Antonio and Alejandro Novelo-R. 1988. El Pantano de Tabasco y Campeche: la reserva mˆs imporante de plantas acuˆticas de Mesoamþrica. Pages 537-547 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). 1988. Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN 9-68-628013-8

Mazzotti, Frank J. 1988. Developing a management plant for Morelet's crocodile in the Usamacinta and Grijalva Delta, Tabasco, Mþxico. Pages 569-573 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco.. ISBN 9-68-628013-8

Ogden, John C., C. Eegene Knoder, and Alexander Sprunt IV. 1988. Colonial wading bird populations in the Usumacinta Delta, Mexico. Pages 595-605 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN 9-68-628013-8

Orozco-Claudio, Garibay, López-Hernˆndez Eduardo, Barrera Sˆnchez-Carlos, Verónica Villa-Hector, M. Manzano Bonilla-Olivia, Correa Sandoval-Jorge, Fernˆndez Montiel-Angel. 1988. Recursos naturales y sociedad campesina en los Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco, Mþxico. Pages 651- 665 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). 1988. Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN 9-68-628013-8

Secretar'a del Desarrollo Urbano y Ecolog'a (SEDUE). 1988. Propuesta del ˆrea natural protegida de los pantanos de Centla. Pages 699-703 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). 1988. Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN 9-68-628013-8

LOS PETENES

______. 1987. Lista flor'stica de la región de los Petenes, Campeche, Mþxico. Biótica, 12(3):199-208. ISSN: 0185-0326

Rico-Gray, V., R. Dom'nguez, and G. Cobb. 1988. Avifauna de la zona costera inundable del noroeste de Campeche, Mþxico: lista de especies y su distribución con respecto a la vegetación. Biótica 13(1 y 2): 81-92. ISSN: 0185-0326

EL PINACATE (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Ezcurra, Exequiel. 1996. Mar de dunas y crˆteres: El Gran Desierto de Altar, patrimonio natural ìnico. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de la Conservación. 1996(4): 4-11.
Adaptions of plants and animals to the most extreme desert in Mexico are described. Except for the vestiges of the old deltic vegetation sustained by fresh water springs, moving dunes and lack of water are the conditions to which most plants and animals must adapt.

Ezcurra, Exequiel, Migual Equihua, and Jorge López-Portillo. 1987. Desert vegetation of El Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico. Vegetatio 71(1): 49-60. ISSN 0042-3106
"Microphyllous shrubs colonize the drier bajada slopes, while more diverse communities dominated by cacti and drought-deciduous trees grow on the wetter pediments and in pockets within rocky soils." "A classification and ordination of plant communities showed soil and landform to be good predictors of plant variation."

Ezcurra, Exequiel, Richard S. Felger, Ann D. Russell, and Miguel Equihua. 1988. Freshwater islands in a desert sand sea: the hydrology, flora, and phytogeography of the Gran Desierto oases of northwestern Mexico. Desert Plants 9(1): 35-44, 55-63. ISSN 0734-3434

Ezcurra, Exequiel and Valdemar Rodrigues. 1986. Rainfall patterns in the Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico. Journal of Arid environments 10(1): 13-28. ISSN: 0140-1963
"Microphyllous shrubs dominate in the Lower colorado valley, where rainfall is highly unpredictable (i.e. frequencies of rainy periods are low and the precipitation pattern is very irregular." Creosotebush with a low and constant water potential and capable of restricting transpiration during drought periods can out-compete cactus which utilize an extensive, shallow root system.

Felger, Richard S. 1980. Vegetation and flora of the Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico. Desert Plants 2(2): 87-114. ISSN 0734-3434

______. 1992. Synopsis of the vascular plants of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Ecologica 2(2): 11-44. ISSN 0210-2536

González-Romero, Alberto. 1995. Changes in the composition of rodent communities in relationship to the vegetation types and geomorphology of Mount Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico [in Spanish]. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Neuva Serie 0(64): 45-58. ISSN: 0065-1737
The largest number of species, 16 (94%), live on firm soils, which is also the most common substrate. The desert kangaroo rat was restricted to sand dunes. Riparian vegetation is very important as habitat for rodents.

Gonalez-Romero, Alberto and Sergio Alvarez-Cardenas. 1989. Herpetofauna of the Pinacate region, Sonora, Mexico: an inventory. Southwestern Naturalist 34(4): 519-526. Firm sandy soils with open vegetation contined the majority of the species, while areas of windblown sand contained the least." 42 species have been identified.

Halffter, Gonzalo and Exequiel Ezcurra. 1982. El Pinacate como ˆrea de reserva. Publicacion Especial 37 [Mþxico, D.F.: Secretar'a de Agricultura y Recursos Hidˆulicos). ISSN: 0185-2566.

Hernˆndez, L. M. Delibes, and F. Hiraldo. 1994. Role of reptiles and arthropods in the diet of coyotes in extreme desert areas of northern Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 26(2): 165-170. ISSN 0140-1963
While rabbits and rodents are the main food items, these are supplimented with a considerable number of reptiles and arthropods in El Pinacate and fruit in Mapimi. Other vertebrate predators in hot desert environments appear to have similar and perhaps characteristic trophic webs.

Ives, Ronald L. 1989. Land of Lava, Ash, & Sand: the Pinacate Region of northwestern Sonora. Arizona Historical Society. ISBN 0-91-003726-4

________. 1955. Vegetative changes at Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico. Science 122(3182, 23 Dec.): 1235. ISSN 0036-8075

Navarro, Carlos. 1996. El Pinacate: un escudo volcˆnico. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de la Conservación. 1996(4): 44-48. OCLC 32209547
General background plus some travel and camping guidelines.

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo, Alberto Gonzˆz-Romero, and Robert Barbault. 1995. Food analysis and resource partitioning in a lizard guild of the Sonoran Desert, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 29(3): 367-382. ISSN 0140-1963

Propuesta para decretar la Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Diesierto de Altar, municipios de Puerto Penasco, General Plutarco, Elias Calles y San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, Mexico. 1993. Hermosillo: Centro Ecologico de Sonora, et al. OCLC: 28969971

Tinker, Ben. 1978. Mexican Wilderness and Wildlife. [Austin]: University of Texas. ISBN: 0-292-75037-4

Turner, Raymond M. 1990. Long-term vegetation change at a fully protected Sonoran Desert site. Ecology 71(2): 464-477. ISSN 0012-9658
MacDougal Crater was chosen because the rugged terrain protected it from cattle and human impacts. "Three sources of data have been used: a series of exactly matched photographs, begun in 1907; detailed permanent-plot maps, dating frorm 1959; and an age-distribution analysis of a 170 yr old population of Carnegiea gigante." A prolonged drought 1936-1964 resulted in high mortality of woody plants. During the 1970's there was establishment of a large number of mesquite and bittlebush.

R°A CELEST÷N

Espino-Barros and Guy A. Baldassarre. 1989. Numbers, migration chronology, and activity patterns of nonbreeding Caribbean flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. Condor 91(3): 592-597. ISSN 0010-5422
The majority of the Yucatan population winters in the Celestún estuary. Caribbean flamingos are not greatly affected by wind and tides because they feed close to the bottom and are sometimes observed "tipping-up" in deep water to feed like ducks. Boatmen taking tourists to view the flamingos have the potential to disrupt feeding time that the birds need to develop nutrient reserves for courtship activites.

Flores-Nava, Alejandro. 1991. Situacion actual y perspectivas de la acuacultura costera en Yucatan, Mexico. Universidad y Ciencia 8(16): 87-95. ISSN 0186-2979
Potential aquaculture sites are those parts of the estuaries just outside the protected areas at Celestún, Bocas de Dzilam, and Ria Lagartos. Shrimp, brine shrimp, and blue crab have been the primary focus, but studies have been done on fish and on conch.

Galicia-Zamora, Eduardo. 1995. Impact of motorized tour boats on the behavioral activities of non-breeding American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) in Yucatan, Mexico. Thesis (M.S) State University of New York. OCLC: 34798843
For about 20 minutes per boat disturbance the flamingos stop feeding. "The average number of boats per day was 13 from November through February 1995; the maxium was 33. "Among all the Mexican visitors, 88% would pay an entrance fee to the area."

Hernˆndez, Miguel Angel, and Jesus Garc'a-B. 1989. Estudio del flamenco en la Peninsula de Yucatˆn. Bosques y Fauna 13: 3-14. OCLC 5063437

Miranda-Velazco,Raìl A., Jorge A. Aguilar-Aguilar, and Mar'a de los Angeles Serrano Islas. 1990. Programa de protección y conservación de la tortuga marina, El Palmar, temporada 1990. Pages 113-115 in Memorias del IV Taller Regional sobre Programas de Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en la Pen'nsula de Yucatˆn, 11-13 de Marzo, 1991, Mþrida, Yucatˆn. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatˆn, Mþrida. ISBN: 968-6843-23-X

Mrozek, Carl. 1991. Living Lagoons and the Last Wet and Wild Lands of the Yucatan Coast (of Mexico): a video documentary. Thesis, Faculty of Environmental Studies, State University of New York. 105 p. OCLC 24786275 Narrates the development of an hour-long documentary on the three largest protected wildlands on the Yucatan coast, R'a Celestìn, R'a Lagartos, and Sian Ka'an. Key conservation and reserve management challenges and programs are highlighted as well as the natural features.

Perry, Eugene, Luis Marin, Jana McClain and Guadelupe Velˆzquez. 1995. Ring of cenotes (sinkholes), northwest Yucatan, Mexico: its hydrogeologic characteristics and possible association with the Chicxulub impact crater. Geology 23(1): 17-20. ISSN 0091-7613
The wetlands that are the basis of the wildlife refuges are maintained by flows from the ring of cenotes. Unfortunately, as the population increases in the NW Yucatan, farm and municipal pollution will drain directly into the underground streams and be released at the system outlets at Ria Celestún, Ria Largartos and Dzilem del Bravo.

Quan, Thomas J. and Terry R. Spraker. 1991. Occurrence of potential pathogens in wild Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) during a lead poisoning die off in Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22(4): 470-475. ISSN: 1042-7260
Rodr'quez-Romˆn, Elvia, Juan Josþ Durˆn Nˆjera, and Rosalina Rodr'guez Romˆn. 1990. Protección e investigación de la Tortuga Carey ( Eretmochelys imbricata) durante la temporada de anidación 1990, en El Refugio Faun'stico de R'a Celestìn, Yucatˆn. Pages 99-110 in Memorias del IV Taller Regional sobre Programas de Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en la Pen'nsula de Yucatˆn, 11-13 de Marzo, 1991, Mþrida, Yucatˆn. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatˆn, Mþrida. ISBN: 968-6843-23-X

Rogel-Bahena, Antonio C. 1983. Situación del los flamencos en el Estado de Yucatˆn. In First Western Hemisphere Waterfowl and Waterbird Symposium (Hugh Boyd, editor). Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service
The population increased from 8,000 to 26,000 in the 7 years from 1975 to 1981. "The known causes of mortality included Newcastle disease, predation, and collision with overhead wires, but tides and weather conditions were also important factors in determining the successful production of young."

Savage, Melissa. 1993. Ecological disturance and nature tourism. Geographical Review 83(3): 290-300. ISSN 0016-7428
Structures on barrier islands threaten the stability of the lagoons behind them.

Schmitz, Richard A., A. Alonso-Aguirre, Robert S. Cook, and Guy A. Baldassarre. 1990. Lead poisoning of Caribbean flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18(4): 399-404. ISSN: 0091-7648
In 1989, 59 flamingo carcasses were located during the period of a month. It was estimated that fewer than 100 total died of lead poisoning. It appeared that Hurricane Gilbert produced unfavorable changes in their prefered habitat of the estuary at Celestún and the flamingos fed in adjacent areas where lead shot was available on the bottom.

Schmitz, Richard A, and Guy A. Baldassarre. 1992. Contest asymmetry and multiple bird conflicts during foraging among nonbreeding American flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. Condor 94: 254-259. ISSN: 0010-5422
Aggressive behavior is highly ritualized and often involves more than two individuals. Generally the conflict is over occupancy of a feeding sites. Fighting ability appears to be readily determined so the level of intensity is low unless the individuals are of the same sex and age class. However,when adult pairs initate conflicts it probably reflects competition for mates.

__________. 1992. Correlates of flock size and behavior of foraging American flamingos following Hurricane Gilbert in Yucatan, Mexico. Condor 94: 260-264. ISSN: 0010-5422
Feeding aggregations ranges from an individual to 8,000. There was a linear relationship between the average amount of head down feeding, feeding with head up, and alert behaviors. "Thus, feeding head down would occur when the benefit of food intake exceeded the benefit derived from informational updating on conspecific location and behavior or vigilance for potential predators." Aggregations larger than 3,500 occurred with greater cloud cover and wind.

Thompson, John D. and Guy A. Baldassarre. 1989. Incidence of ingested shot in waterfowl harvested in Yucatan, Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17(2): 189-191. ISSN:
While the refuge itself is closed to hunting, the adjacent wetlands to the north are open to duck hunting, particularly blue-winged teal. These teal were found to have high levels of ingested shot. Mexico should consider changing to nontoxic shot.

______. 1990. Carcass composition of nonbreeding blue-winged teal and northern pintails in Yucatan, Mexico. Condor 92: 1057-1065. ISSN: 0010-5422

_____. 1991. Activity patterns of nearctic dabbling ducks wintering in Yucatan, Mexico. Auk 108(4): 934-941. ISSN 0004-8038

______. 1992. Dominance relationships of dabbling ducks wintering in Yucatan, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 104(3): 529-536. ISSN: 0043-5643
In the Yucatan except for American widgeon, dabbling duck males are subordinate to the females.

Thompson, John D., Barbara J. Sheffner, and . 1992. Food habits of selected dabbling ducks wintering in Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Wildlife management 56(4): 740-744. ISSN: 0022-541X
For blue-winged teal, northern shovelers, and northern pintails in this study food usage was determined primarily by seasonal food availability. They feed heavily on gastropods during the first half of the overwintering period, then when shallow submerged vegetation supporting the gastropods is gone, they generally switch to muskgrass tubercles. For many migrating ducks this is the first and last wetland available in crossing the Gulf of Mexico, so its continued productivity is very important and should be closely monitored.

Valdez, S. D., J. Trejo, and E. Real. 1988. Hydrological study of the Celestún Lagoon, Yucatan, Mþxico, during 1985. Ciencias Marinas 14: 45-68. ISSN 0185-3880

Vega-Cendejas, M.E., M. Hernández, and F. Arreguin-Sanchez. 1994. Trophic interrelations in a beach seine fishery form the northwestern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology 44(4): 647-659. ISSN 0022-1112
Of the 12 species important in the fishery most were generalists and can cope with fluctuating and ecologically marginal environments. Only four species were trophic specialists.

Wiedenfeld, David A. 1992. Foraging in temperate and tropical-breeding and wintering male yellow warblers. Pages 321-328 in Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (John M. Hagan and David W. Johnston, editors). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian. ISBN 1-56-098113-X
Resident "Mangrove" Warblers are a subspecies of migratory yellow warbler, Dendroica petechia. Yellow warblers shift their foraging behavior to become like the mangrove warbler during their winter stay in the tropics. "Because the warblers' foraging behaviour flexibility is limited, however, the birds might be unable to adjust to large-scale, rapid, manmade changes in their environment."

R°A LAGARTOS

Correa-Sandoval, Jorge, and Jesìs Garc'a-Barrón. 1993. Avifauna de R'a Celestìn y R'a Lagartos. Pages 641-645 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mþxico (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia Gonzˆlez, editors). Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo. ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Espino-Barros, Ricardo, and Guy A Baldassarre. 1989. Activity and habitat-use patterns of breeding Caribbean flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. Condor 91(3): 585-591. ISSN 0010-5422

Gardu¿o-A, Mauricio, Renþ, Mˆquez-Millˆn, Isabel Andrade-S., Antonio Moreno-D., Javier Vasconcelos, Raìl Lope Mena. 1993. Comparación del avivamiento en nidos in situ y transplantados de Tortuga Blanca, Chelonia mydas, en el campamento de Las Coloradas, Yucatˆn, 1990. Pages 125-129 in Memorias del IV Taller Regional sobre Programas de Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en La Pen'nsula de Yucatˆn, 11-13 de Marzo, 1991, Mþrida, Yucatˆn. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatˆn, Mþrida. ISBN: 968-6843-23-X

Hernández, Miguel Angel, and Jesus Garcia B. 1989. Estudio del flamenco en la Peninsula de Yucatan. Bosques y Fauna 12: 3-14. OCLC 5063437

Mrozek, Carl. 1991. Living Lagoons and the Last Wet and Wild Lands of the Yucatan Coast (of Mexico): a video documentary. Thesis, Faculty of Environmental Studies, State University of New York. 105 p. OCLC 24786275 Murguia, R. J. et al. 1989. Estudio interdisciplinario de La R'a de Lagartos. Avance y Perspictiva 8(39): 13-25. ISSN 0185-1411

Rogel-Bahena, Antonio C. 1983. Situación de los flamencos en el Estado de Yucatˆn. Pages 108-111 in First Western Hemisphere Waterfowl and Waterbird Symposium (Hugh Boyd, editor).

Savage, Melissa. 1993. Ecological disturance and nature tourism. Geographical Review 83(3): 290-300. ISSN 0016-7428
"In developing the Yucatan coast for tourism, the design of structures, their placement, and their relationship to the delicate hydrological balance will strongly influence the sustainability of natural communities in the future." Storm surges forced into barrier island lagoons by hurricanes can flood nesting sites if held in by man-made structures and can breach the freshwater aquifer lens at points weakened by pilings and construction.

Vˆzquez del Valle, Roberto. 1993. Protección y vigilancia de las playas de anidación de la tortuga Carey (Eretmochelys imbricata) y la tortuga blanca (Chelonia mydas) en El Cuyo, Yucatˆn. 1993. Pages 99-111 in Memorias del IV Taller Regional sobre Programas de Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en la Pen'nsula de Yucatˆn, 11-13 de Marzo, 1991, Mþrida, Yucatˆn. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatˆn, Mþrida.

SELVA DE OCOTE (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Vˆsquez-Sˆnchez, Miguel A. 1988. La Selva El Ocote: Monograf'a y Plan de Manejo para su Conservación. Xalapa: INIREB. OCLC: 25373184

Vidal, Rosa Ma. and Ignacio J. March. 1993. Road to Success: local effort reroutes highway around fragile forest. Business Mexico 10(1): 10-12. ISSN 0187-1455
Groups interested in the protection of the already affected forest worked with the federal government to find an alternate route that would not bisect the remaining forest.

Vidal, Rosa Mar'a and Miguel ­ngel Vˆzquez. 1995. El Ocote: refugio de biodiversidad y de pueblos. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de la Conservación 1995(3): 50-55. OCLC: 32209547
"It is calculated that more than 8,000 people live in the area, the majority of which are indigenous Tzotziles and Tezeltales, who immigrated to the area twenty-five years ago in search of a better life." The challenge is to find substitute economic activities to slash and burn agriculture or livestock raising.

SIAN KA'AN (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Arnaiz-B., Stella Maris and Alfredo Cþsar Dachary. 1990. Las cooperativas pesqueras y las areas protegidas: el caso de La S.C.P.P. Jose maria Azcorra, ubicada en La reserva de Sian ka'an, Quintana Roo. 1990. Pages 241-248 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mexico y Especies en Extinción (Josþ L. Camarillo-R., and Ferm'n Rivera-A, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
This cooperative is located in the southern part of the reserve at Punta Herrero. In existance since 1960, it has concentrated on the capture of lobster.

Bayona, Arturo, and Adriana de Castro. 1994. Laguna Miramar: Vida y Experiencias. Xochimilco, D.F.: Inquietudes.

Bezaury-Creel, Juan E. 1993. Amigos de Sian Kaian: conservación y manejo de ecosistemas y especies del Caribe. Pages 841-849 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Carillo-Barrios-Gomez, Enrique and Hans Hermann-Martinez. 1988. Sian Kaian: a new biosphere reserve model in Mexico. Pages 188-207 in For the Conservation of the Earth: Proceedings of the Fourth World Wilderness Congress, Estes Park, CO, September 14-17, 1987 (Gregg, William P., Stanley L. Krugman, and James D. Wood, editors).

Cþsar-Dachary, Alfredo and Stella Maris Arnaiz-Burne. 1989. Sian Ka'an, el Hombre y su Economia. Chetumal, Quintana Roo: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO).
Each village within the Biosphere reserve is mapped and detailed socioeconomic data is provided. In particular, production figures from the lobster and fishing cooperatives are analyzed.

Comernero-R., L.C. and B.E. Zarate. 1990. Distribution, status and conservation of the West Indian manatee in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Biological Conservation 52(1): 27-35. ISSN 0006-3207

Dejean, A., I. Olmsted, and J.F. Camal. 1992. Interaction between Atta cepalotes and arboreal ants in the biosphere reserve Sian Ka'an (Quintana Roo, Mexico): efficient protection of the trees (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 20(10): 57-76. ISSN 0361-6525

Dejean, Alain, Ingrid Olmsted, and Roy R. Snelling. 1995. Tree-epiphyte-ant relationships in the low inundated forest of Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Biotropica 27(1): 57-70. ISSN 0006-3606

Duran-Garcia, Rafael, and Ingrid Olmsted. 1987. Listado floristico de la reserva de Sian Ka'an. [Puerto Morales]: Amigos de Sian Ka'an. 71 leaves OCLC 18089877

Eggleston, David B., Romualo N. Lipcius, and David L. Miller. 1992. Artificial shelters and survival of juvenile Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus: spatial, habitat, and lobster size effects. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 90(4): 691-702. ISSN 0090-0656 Gov Doc C55.313
Using tethered lobsters which could hide in casitas (artificial shelters) compared to those tethered too far reach them, the researchers found that casitas increased survival of small juveniles. Larger juveniles were at risk from snappers that remained close to the shelters. "Small casitas scaled according to body size may inhance survival of large juvenile lobsters in nursery habitats where large conspecifics are removed from large casitas."

Espejel, I. 1986. Coastal dune vegetation of the Yucatan Peninsula: II the Nature Reserve Sian Ka'an, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Biotica 11(1): 7-24. ISSN: 0185-0326

Gil-Hernˆndez, Reyna, and Patricia Oca¿a Luna. Manual de Protección a Tortugas Marinas. Serie Cuadernos de Sian Ka'an, Nìmero 4. Cancun: Amigos de Sian Ka'an. ISSN 0188-3151
Provides drawings and descriptions of the four species of marine turtles, their tracks and nest dimensions. The proper design of fences to protect the nest are shown.

Greenberg, Russell. 1992. Forest migrants in non-forest habitats on the Yucatan Peninsula. Pages 273-286 in Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (John M. Hagan and David W. Johnston editors). Washington: Smithsonian. ISBN 156098113X
Most migrants winter in closed canopy forest, but a considerable number overwinter in second growth woods. This is particularly true of the most common species such as American redstart, white-eyed vireo, hooded warbler, and magnolia warbler. "These results indicate that even small efforts toward maintaining tree cover in an agricultural landscape could increase the wintering carrying capacity for certain forest migrants."

Greenberg, Russell, Daniel K. Niven, Steven Hopp and Carol Boone. 1993. Frugivory and coexistence in a resident and a migratory vireo on the Yucatan Penninsula. Condor 95(4): 990-999. ISSN 0010-5422
Mangrove vireo and white-eyed vireo, two of the most common insectivorous birds in the Yucatan, differ in choice of habit. Mangrove vireos prefer scrub and where they overlap, white-eyed vireos are primarily associated with patches of trees. White-eyed vireos can overwinter in mature forest by extensive use of Bursera simaruba fruit.

Gutiþrrez-Carbonell, David, and Juan E. Bezaury-Creel. 1993. Manejo del sistema arrecifal de Sian Ka'an. Pages 772-786 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Gutiþrrez, David, Carlos Garc'a-Sˆez, Mario Lara, and Claudia Padilla. 1993. Comparación de arrecifes coralinos: Veracruz y Quintana Roo. Pages 787-806 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico ( Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO).ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Jones, Ellen and Glen Wersch. 1990. Donde nace el cielo. Americas 42(3): 27-35. ISSN 0379-0940

Jordˆn-Dahlgren, Eric. 1993. Atlas de los Arrecifes Coralinos del Caribe Mexicano: Parte I. El Sistema Continental. Mþxico: Insitutio de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog'a, UNAM. ISBN 968-6780-11-04
The major portion of the book is a set of 28 detailed 1/50,000 scale maps ranging from Isla Contoy to the Belize border The maps also contain graphs showing the proportions of substrates and types of biota at a typical cross-section. The concluding chapter describes the general pattern of zonation of the reefs.

Jordˆn-Dahlgren, E., E. Martin-Chavez, M. Sanchez-Segura. 1994. The Sian Kaian Biosphere Reserve coral reef systems, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Atoll Research Bulletin 0(423): 1-19. ISSN
"Well developed coral reef structures are mostly restricted to shallow Acropora palmata reefs, forming a fringing-barrier reef bordering the shoreline. A relatively high proportion of dead A. palmata was found in these reefs, both in the crest and in the shallow fore reef zone. The cause of A. palmata mortality is unknown. In deeper waters, isolated raised karstic features are colonized by a rich and diverse coral community."

Lopez-Ornat, Arturo, and Russell Greenberg. 1990. Sexual segregation by habitat in migratory warblers in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Auk 107(3): 539-543. ISSN 0004-8038

Lopez-Ornat, Arturo and Cristina Ramo. 1992. Colonial waterbird populations in the Sian Kaian Biosphere Reserve (Quintana Roo, Mexico). Wilson Bulletin 104(3): 501- ISSN 0043-5643
It is the second most important breeding area for the wood stork. The third largest concentration of reddish egrets occurs here. The white ibis with 900 to 1600 nests per year (80% of them on one key) is the most abundant colonial waterbird in the reserve. For this ibis it is the second most important site after the Usumacinta delta region. Overall, the mean number was estimated at 1259 pairs of pelicans and frigatebirds. Nine species of colonial wading birds had a mean of 3118 pairs.

Lopez-Portillo, Jorge, Exequiel Ezcurra, and Jose Manuel Maass. 1989. Los petenes de Sian Ka'an, Quintana Roo y su relacion con gradientes de presion hidrica. Acta Botˆnica Mexicana 5(1): 19-29. ISSN 0187-7151
Hummocks studied near Chunyaxchþ Lagoon demonstrated that a direct continental fresh water water source was not nessary to maintain a hummock. "Thus, hummocks could be considered as islets which are occupied by tropical evergreen seasonal forest and/or mangrove species, according to the flooding conditions of the islet.

Lozano-Alvarez, Enrique, Patricia Briones-Fourzˆn, Fernando Negrete-Soto. 1993. Occurrence and seasonal variations of spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille), on the shelf outside Bah'a de la Ascensión Mþxico. U.S. Natinal Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 91(4): 808-815. ISSN 0090-0656
"Growth in the lobsters was fast and they moved form the bay area towards the coral reeefs as they grew." As suggested reproduction takes place in the deeper, unfished habitat. They complex reef formations found there offer abundant natural shelters, which should remain unmolested to preserve the breeding population.

Lozano-Alvarez, Enrique, Patricia Briones-Fourzan, and Bruce F. Phillips. 1991. Fishery characteristics, growth, and movements of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus in Bah'a de la Ascensión, Mþxico. U.S. Natioinal Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 89(1): 79-89. ISSN 0090-0656 Gov Doc C55.313
80% of the spiny lobster production of Mexico comes from Quintana Roo. The total number of casitas (artificial shelters) was estimated at 20,000 for the Vig'a Chica cooperative. "The population fished in the bay was composed entirely of juveniles, and we hypothesize that an unfished population of adults exists outside the bay".

Lynch J. F. 1989. Distribution of overwintering Nearctic migrants in the Yucatan Peninsula I: general patterns of occurrence. Condor 91(3): 515-545. ISSN 0010-5422

_________. 1992. Distribution of overwintering nearctic migrants in the Yucatan Peninsula, II: use of native and human-modified vegetation. In Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (John M. Hagan and David W. Johnston editors). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian. ISBN: 156098113X

Maarel, Eddy Van Der, Illeana Espejel, and Patricia Moreno-Casasola. 1987. Two-step vegetation analysis based on very large data sets. Vegetatio 68(3): 139-143. ISSN 0042-3106 "This method is demonstrated with a set of 1138 relevþs and 250 species of coastal sand dune vegetation in Yucatan treated with the programs TWINSPAN and TABORD."

MacKinnon-H., Barbara. 1995. Beauty & the beasts of ecotourism: three tiny towns' very different tacks. Business Mexico 5(4): 44-47. ISSN 0187-1455

Mader, Ron. 1995. Conservation in Sian Ka'an. Available at http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/yucatan/siankaan.html
The resident population needs to diversify from a heavy dependence on lobster fishing. Ecotourism may provide alternative means of economic development.

Moron, M. A., J. F. Camal, and O. Camal. 1986. Analysis of necrophagous entomofauna of the northern area of the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 0-(69): 83-98. ISSN 0430-8603

Mrozek, Carl. 1991. Living Lagoons and the Last Wet and Wild Lands of the Yucatan Coast (of Mexico): a video documentary. Thesis, Faculty of Environmental Studies, State University of New York. 105 p. OCLC 24786275 Narrates the development of an hour-long documentary video on the three largest protected wildlands on the Yucatan coast, R'a Celestìn, R'a Lagartos, and Sian Ka'an. Key conservation and reserve management challenges and programs are highlighted as well as the natural features.

Navarro, Daniel, and John G. Robinson, editors. 1990. Diversidad Biologica en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka'an Quintana Roo, Mexico. Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo. ISBN 968-6571-00-0
Volume 1 includes birds, mammals, vegetation, corals, marine invertebrates, and insects.

Navarro, Daniel, and Eduardo Suˆrez-Morales, editores. 1992. Diversidad Biologica en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka'an Qunitana Roo, Mexico, Vol. II.. Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo. ISBN 968-6780-05-X
Volume 2 includes butterflies, cave animals, marine fish, spiders, and gastropods.

Navarro-Mendoza, Miguel and Carlos Valdþs-Casillas. 1990. Peces cavernicolas de la Peninsula de Yucatan en peligro de extincion, con nuevos registros para Quintana Roo. Pages 218-239 in Areas Naturales Protegidas en Mexico y Especies en Extinción (Josþ L. Camarillo-R., and Ferm'n Rivera-A, editors). Mexico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ISBN 9-68-361671-2
Cave fish were inventoried in the Sian Ka'an Biosphere reserve. Three new species are described which doubles the number known in Quintana Roo. Two species are currently listed as endangered, but all six should be listed.

Olmsted, Ingrid, and Rafael Durˆn. 1988 Aspectos ecológicos del los petenes en Florida, Campeche y Quintana Roo. Pages 517-535 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN: 968-6280-13-8

Olmsted, Ingrid, and Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1995. Sustainable harvesting of tropical trees: demography and matrix models of two palm species in Mexico. Ecological Applications 5(2): 484-500. ISSN 1051-0761
Patterns of survivorship, growth and reproduction were studied to aid in preventing over-exploitation of Trinax radiata and Coccothrinax readii.

Olmsted, Ingrid, and Maria Jose Ercilla. 1988. Historia Natural de las Palmas Chit y Nakax en Quintana Roo. Cancun: Amigos de Sian Ka'an.

Ornat, Arturo López, and Juan Josþ Consejo-Due¿as. 1988. Implementatión de un programa de conservación en los Humedales de Quintana Roo (Mþxico): un proceso dinˆmico de cinco a¿os. Pages 351-355 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco.

Otero-Andrþs, Amapola, and Bˆrbara MacKinnon de Montes. 1988. Desarrollando apoyo local para la conservación: Amigos de Sian Ka'an. Pages 356-360 in Ecolog'a y Conservación del Delta de los R'a Usumacinta y Grijalva (Memorias). Villahermosa: Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. ISBN: 968-6280-13-8

Ramo, Cristina, and Benjamin Busto. 1992. Nesting failure of the wood stork in a Neotropical Wetland. Condor 94(3): 777-781. ISSN 0010-5422

_________. 1993. Resource use by herons in a Yucatan wetland during the breeding season. Wilson Bulletin 105(4): 573-586. ISSN 0043-5643

Rangel-Salazar, Josþ Luis, Paula L. Enr'quez-Rocha, and Juan Guzˆman-Poó. Colonias de reproducción de aves costeras en Sian Kaian. Pages 833-840 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico ( Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO).ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Rosado-May, Fancisco J. 1994. Case Study 5: Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve Project. In Principles of Conservation Biology (Gary K. Meffe, and C. Ronald Carroll, editors). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. ISBN 0878935193

Sian Ka'an, Estudios Preliminaries de una Zona en Quintana Roo Propuesta com Reserva de la Biofera. 1983. Puerto Morelos: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo. OCLC: 12113736

Tangley, Laura. 1988. A new era for biosphere reserves: Mexico's Sian Ka'an shows that it's hard to be everthing a biosphere reserve should be. BioScience 38(3): 148-155. ISSN: 0006-3568
A functioning biosphere reserve is more difficult to manage than a park. Sian Kaian has often been cited as a model for the UN program. Most of the land within the reserve is federally owned. It includes representative ecosystems that have been kept intact because of low population pressures. Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo has focused almost entirely on research in the reserve. A nongovernmental group Amigos de Sian Ka'an sponsor several applied research projects and a demonstration farm. Local people are involved in ecotourism and management of the reserve. Problem remain including inadequate staffing, public education, development of the Cancun-Tulum corridor. Disagreements between research and conservaton organizations have prevented concensus on management strategy.

______. 1987. Enhancing coastal production : do artificial shelters help or hurt Mexico's valuable spiny lobster fishery?. BioScience 37(5): 309-312. ISSN 0006-3568
Simple, wooden platforms of palm trunks were introduced by Cuban immigrants in the late 1960's. "Casitas" increase the number of suitable dens and divers can inspect and choose full size lobsters for market. Catch data has begun to be collected by Miller and Lipcius seem to indicate that habitat is probably the limiting factor in lobster recruitment.
Villanueva, G. R., and Cabrera, C. E. 1988. Addendum to the floristic list of the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Biotica 13(1-2): 141-146. ISSN 0185-0326

Zurita-Gutiþrrez, J. C. and R. Herrera y B. Prezas. 1993. Biolog'a y conservación de las tortugas marinas en el litoral central de Quintana Roo, Temporada 1990. Pages 169-178 In Memorias del IV Taller Regional sobre Programas de Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en la Pen'nsula de Yucatˆn, 11-13 de Marzo, 1991, Mþrida, Yucatˆn. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatˆn, Mþrida.

SIERRA DE LOS AJOS (Reserva ecológica estatal)

SIERRA DE ALAMOS (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Winterstein, Scott R. 1985. Ecology and Sociobiology of the black-throated magpie-jay. Ph.D. dissertation. Las Cruces: NM: New Mexico State University. OCLC 13258315

SIERRA DE LA LAGUNA (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Arriaga, Laura, Sara Diaz , and Carmen Mercado. 1992. Oak and oak-pine forests of Baja California Sur: present state and management perspectives. Pages 41-48 In Ecology and Management of Oak and Associated Woodlands: Perspectives in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. U.S. Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-218. Gov Doc A13.88: RM-218
The 20,000 hectares of oak-pine forest is not suitable for wood extraction because of the small area and small volume of wood. It is suggested that non-timber products such as pine nuts could be exploited for personal use.

Arriaga, Laura and Jose L. Leon de la Luz. 1989. Mexican tropical deciduous forest of Baja California Sur: a floristic and structural approach. Vegetatio 84(1): 45-52. ISSN: 0042-3106
"A high family diversity was found in the plots, but there was a low number of species per family." "Results show that the xeric environment, the low number of species and the high incidence of dominant shrub species confer the vegetation of the lowlands simpler structural traits than those described for other tropical dry forests."

Arriaga, Laura, Y. Maya, Sara Diaz. J. Cancino. 1993. Association between cacti and nurse perennials in a heterogeneous tropical dry forest in northwestern Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 4(3): 349-356. ISSN: 1100-9233
Most of the perennial plants grow clumped, yet only Stenocereus thurberii and Ferocactus peninsulae were aggregated and associated to perennial plants which provided shade.
______. 1994. Conservation or commercial management of temperate forests of Baja-California Sur, Mexico. Conservation Biology 8(4): 1132-1140. ISSN: 0888-8892
Pinus lagunae, the only commercial species, has high adult mortality, which can be attributed to the effects of fire and insect attack, particularly moths. "Results indicate that the forest in this region does not have timber-yielding potential because of the small area it covers and because of the low tree diameters and volume, which are insufficient to ccary out a continuous and income-producing extraction of the pine resource of Baja California Sur. Other management options are discussed.

Arriaga, Laura and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio, editors. 1988. La Sierra de La Laguna de Baja California. La Paz: Centro de Investigactiones Biológicas de Baja California Sur. OCLC: 26015431

Arriaga, Laura, Ricardo Rodriguez-Estrella, and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio. 1990. Endemic hummingbirds and madrones of Baja: are they mutually dependent? Southwestern Naturalist 35(1): 76-79. ISSN 0038-4909
Flowers of madrones are almost the only nectar supply for Xantusi hummingbird in the critical late-winter months and it seems that madrones need to be pollinated by hummingbirds because the shape of the flower makes it difficult for insects.

Galina-Tessaro, Patricia, Sergio Alvarez-Cˆrdenas, Alfredo Ortega-Rubio, and Alberto Gonzˆlez-Romero. 1993. Lizards of the Sierra de La Laguna, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Pages 638-641 in Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: Sky Islands of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. General Technical Report 264. Gov Doc A13.88: RM-GTR-264.
Eighteen species were observed along transects. "Five of these species are endemic for the Cape Region, as well as four subspecies." "This richness is a product of the complex geologic history of the region, as well as the variability of vegetation, topography and substrate in the zone."

Gallina, Sonia. 1988. Importancia del injerto (Phoradendron sp.) para el venado. Southwestern Naturalist 33(1): 21-25. ISSN: 0038-4909
Mistletoe constitutes 20% of the diet year round of white-tailed deer and they actively search out this resource.

Gallina, S, P. Galina-Tessaro and S. Alvarez-Cardenas. 1991. Mule deer density and pattern distribution in the pine-oak forest at the Sierra de La Laguna in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 3(1): 27-33. ISSN 0394-9370
The mule deer population appeared stable with the density average estimated at 0.37 +/- 0.05 deer/ ha. There was significant differences between seasonal numbers.

Lenz, Lee W. 1992. An Annotated Catalogue of the Plants of the Cape Region, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Cape Press. ISBN 0-9634595-0-3

León de la Luz, Josþ and Roc'o Coria-Benet. 1993. Additions to the flora of the Sierra de La Laguna, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Madrono 40(1): 15-24. ISSN: 0024-9637

León de la Luz, Josþ and Raymundo Dom'nguez-Cadena. 1989. Flora of the Sierra de La Laguna, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Madrono 36(2): 61-83. ISSN: 0024-9637

León de la Luz, Josþ, Raymundo Dom'nguez-Cadena, Miguel Dom'nguez-León, and Roc'o Coria-Benet. 1994. Flora of the Woodlands of the Sierra de La Laguna, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Pages 144-151 in Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: Sky Islands of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. General Technical Report 264. Gov Doc A13.88: RM-GTR-264.
Above 1500 meters is the only woodland in hundred of kilometers. 43 species of the 272 species of vascular flora in the Sierra are endemic. In 1990, the number of cattle in the southern tip of the peninsula was estimated at 30,000. Only the woodland part is protected.

Mart'nez Fernˆndez, Alfredo. 1995. Sierra de la Laguna, para'so darwininano. Mþxico Desconocido 19(217): 43-47. ISSN 0187-1560

Maya, Yolanda. 1994. Soil-climate-vegeation relationships in the Sierra de la Laguna, component of the Sierra Madrean Woodland Element. Pages 583-585 in Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: Sky Islands of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. General Technical Report 264. Gov Doc A13.88: RM-GTR-264.

Maya, Yolanda and Laura Arriaga. 1996. Litterfall and phenological patterns of the dominant overstory species of a desert scrub community in north-western Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 34(1): 23-35. ISSN: 0140-1963
"At least one of the six species was in flower throughout the year, suggesting a mechanism to avoid competition by pollination and dispersal agents."

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo. 1994. Management and conservation at the most important Sky Island of Baja California. Pages 465-467 in Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: Sky Islands of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. General Technical Report 264. Gov Doc A13.88: RM-GTR-264.
Since 1986 the Centro de Investigaciones Biólogicas has advocated protected status for the Sierra both on the grounds of biological diversity and as the most significant source of groundwater recharge in Baja California Sur. The research program conducted by a team of climatologists, soil scientist, hydrologists, geologists, botanists, zoologists, and ecologists is described.

Ortega R., Alfredo and Laura Arriaga. 1988. Biological and socioeconomic importance of the Sierra de la Laguna at Baja California Sur, Mexico. Pages 188-207 in Fourth World Wilderness Congress, Proceedings of the Symposium on Biosphere Reserves, Estes Park, CO, September 14-17, 1987 (Gregg, William P., Stanley L. Krugman, and James D. Wood editors). OCLC: 1555910262

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo, Heidi Romero-Schmidt, and Cerafina Arguelles-Mendes. 1992. Importance of the Sierra de la Laguna woodlands for conservation of endemic species of Mexico. Pages 129-131 in Ecology and Management of Oak and Associated Woodlands: Perspectives in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. U.S. Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-218. Gov Doc A113.88:RM-218
Within these forests are found four endemic subspecies of mammals, one endemic species and 11 subspecies of birds, 10 endemic species of reptiles, and 45 endemic plant species. Improved protection of the forests would also have socioeconomic value because of the amount of rainfall intercepted by the forested mountains. "Most of the population of Baja California Sur is concentrated in a radius of no more than 80 kilometers from the Sierra de la Laguna, mainly at La Paz and Los Cabos."

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo, Heidi Romero-Schmidt, Cerafina Argôelles-Mþndes, Rocio Coria-Benet, and Francisco Solis-Mar'n. 1993. Livestock exclusion: consequences on noctural rodents in Baja California Sur. Revista de Biologica Tropical 41(3): 907-909. ISSN 0034-7744.

Rocio, C. B., F. Solismarin, A. Ortega-Rubio, H. Romero-Schmidt, and C. Argôelles-Mendez. 1993. Absence of response of ant numbers to liverstock exlosure at Baja California Sur, Mexico. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 36(4): 829-837. Food specialization the five species are discussed in terms of the habit of the virtual island of vegetation that exists in the Sierra de la Laguna.

Zwinger, Ann. 1983. A Desert Country Near the Sea: a Natural History of the Cape Region of Baja California. New York, Harper. ISBN 0-06-015208-7 

SIERRA DE MANANTL­N (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Guzmˆn-Mej'a, Rafael. 1985. Reserva de la biósfera de la Sierra de Manantlˆn, Jalisco: estudio descriptivo. Tiempos de Ciencia 0(1): 10-26. ISSN: 0186-5730
Soils, hydrology, vegetation types, fauna, and the socio-economic structure is described.

Guzman-Mej'a, R. and Iltia, H. H. 1991. Biosphere reserve established in Mexico to protect rare maize relative. Diversity 7(1-2): 82-84. ISSN: 0744-8163

I¿iguez da Valos, Luis Ignacio. 1993. Patrones ecologicos en la comunidad de murcielagos de la Sierra de Manantlan. Pages 355-370 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
"The tropical species were the most abundant, even in temperate forest. Trophic guilds represented were: aerial insectovores (41%, 11 species), frugivores (33%, 9 species), nectarivores (15%, 4 species), gleaning insectivore (7%, 2 species), and sanguinivore (4%, 1 specie)." the greatest abundance was during the rainy season.

Jardel, Enrique J. 1991. Pertubaciones naturales y antropogþnicas y su influencia en la dinˆmica sucesional de los bosques de Las Joyas, Sierra de Manantlˆn, Jalisco. Tiempos de Ciencias 0(22): ISSSN: 0186-5730
Fire history was determined from tree ring studies and historical data gives an average period of only 9.1 years between fires, generally superficial. Cyclone data from 1962 was analized along with landslide reports. Patterns of plant succession are described.

Jardel, Enrique J., coordinator. 1992. Estategia para la Conservación de la Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlˆn. Guadalajara: Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara. OCLC: 28542088

Jardel, P. E., R. Cuevas, and P. León. 1989. Conservación y aprovechamiento de los recursos forestales de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlˆn. Tiempo de Ciencia 16: 18-24. ISSN: 0186-5730

Lyons, John and Sonia Navarro-Pþrez. 1990. Fishes of the Sierra de Manantlˆn, west-central Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 35(1): 32-46. ISSN 0038-4909
"Because they have small ranges, many of the fish species of the Sierra could be eliminated by degradation of only a few streams ... Poor forestry and agricultural practices are the largest and most widespread threats to the streams and rivers of the Sierra."

Lyons, John, Sonia Navarro-Pþrez, Philip A. Cochran, Eduardo Santana-C., and Manuel Guzmˆn-Arroyo. 1995. Index of biotic integrity based on fish assemblages for the conservation of streams and rivers in west-central Mexico. Conservation Biology 9(3): 569-584. ISSN 0888-8892

Sˆnchez-Velˆsquez, Lˆzaro R. 1991. Zea diploperennis: mejoramiento genþtico del ma'z, ecolog'a y la conservación de recursos naturales. Tiempos de Ciencia 0(24): 1-26. ISSN: 0186-5730.
The discovery of teosinte played a major role in establishing the biosphere reserve. This ancestor or ancient relative of maize has potential for improving the crop plant. It is a perennial that may have resistance to virus and drought.

Santana, C. Eduardo, M. Rafael Guzman and P. Enrique Jardel. 1988. The Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve: the difficult task of becoming a catalyst for regional sustained development. Pages 188-207 in Fourth World Wilderness Congress, Proceedings of the Symposium on Biosphere Reserves, Estes Park, CO, September 14-17, 1987 (Gregg, William P., Stanley L. Krugman, and James D. Wood editors). OCLC: 1555010262

Santana, Eduardo, Luis I¿iguez-Dˆvalos, and Sonia Navarro. 1990. Utilización de la fauna silvestre por las comunidades rurales de la Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlˆn. Tiempos de Ciencia 0(18): 36-43. ISSN: 0186-5730 Lists of animals utilized included the pelts of all six cats: jaguar, puma, tigrillo, ocelot, jaguarundi, and bobcat.

Williams-Linera, Guadalupe. 1993. Soil seed banks in four lower montane forests of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9(3): 321-337. ISSN: 0266-4674
Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere reserve had higher seed densities per square meter than El Triunfo or Rancho La Mesa, Veracruz. Herb seeds seeds outnumbered shrubs or trees except at El Triunfo.

SIERRA DE SAN PEDRO M­RTIR (Parque Nacional)

Kratter, Andrew W. 1992. Montane avian biogeography in southern California and Baja California. Journal of Biogeography 19(3): 269-283. ISSN: 0305-0270
The mountains on both sides of the border can act as islands of coniferous forests separated by desert or chaparral. San Pedro Martir also contains montane meadows and subalpine forest, while the Sierra Juárez, the other Baja site did not. Colonization by montane birds appears to be recurrent and frequent. The distance from the southern California mountains to the ranges in Baja was shown to be an important historical barrier to colonization as reflected by species diversity. However, the dispersal abilities of birds, particularly summer residents and those utilizing meadows and subalpine forest have prevented endemic subspecies from developing in these small patchy habitats.

Minnich, Richard A., Michael G. Barbour, Jack H. Burk, and Robert F. Fernau. 1995. Sixty years of change in California conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains. Conservation Biology 9(4): 902-914. ISSN: 0888-8892
The Sierra San Pedro Mˆrtir is used for comparison because fire suppression is not practiced in this remote region. "Fire-scar chronologies for the past 300 years indicate a rather constant average fire return period of 24 years, similar to presuppresssion records for SBM." This open, mixed old growth conifer forest has replaced in California by dense, white-fir-dominated climax forest, but not in Baja.

Peinado, Manuel and Carmen Bartolome. 1994. Pisos de vegetacion de La Sierra de San Pedro Mˆrtir, Baja California, Mexico. Acta Botˆnica Mexicana 29(1): 1-30. ISSN: 0187-7151
Five belts of vegetation are defined by climatological parameters and dominant plant associations.

Ruiz-Campos, G. and P. Cota-Serrano. 1992. Feeding ecology of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni of Arroyo San Rafael, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 37(2): 166-177. ISSN:
Significant differences in diet were seen in prey type and size according to the size of the trout. Seasonal changes in diet were also evident.

Ruiz-Campos, G., and E. P. Pister. 1995. Distribution, habitat, and current status of the San Pedro Martir rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni (Evermann). Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 94(2): 131-148. ISSN: 0038-3872
A seven year survey showed that this subspecies was stable in Santo Domingo and San Rafael, the two main drainages. Recommendations for conservation of the habitat for the trout are provided.

Schad, Jerry. 1988. Parque Nacional San Pedro Mˆrtir: San Pedro Mˆrtir National Park. Centra.

Welsh, Hartwell, H. 1988. An ecogeographic analysis of the herpetofauna of the Sierra San Pedro Mˆrtir region, Baja California, with a contribution to the biogeography of the Baja California herpetofauna. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 46(1): 1-72. ISSN: 0068-547X
Locality records from the literature, museums, and field work were analyzed and grouped according to climate, physiography, and vegetation. Five evolutionary & historical patterns are proposed to describe the interactions that produced the contemporary distribution of the 65 current species.

SIERRA DE SANTA MARTHA (Reserva Especial de la Biosfera)

Silva-Lopez, Gilberto, Jorge Benitez-Rodriguez and Joaquin Jimenez-Huerta. 1993. Uso del habitat por monos ara¿a (Ateles geoffroyi) y aullador (Alouatta palliata) en areas perturbadas. Pages 421-435 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
Group sizes in the high evergreen forest and medium semi-evergreen rainforest fragments of 5 to 20 hectares in the Sierra de Santa Martha were low compared to other sites. Few infants could be located. Spider monkeys are better at tolerating the human mediated changes than howler monkeys. Traditional agricultural practices were less disruptive than modern ones.

Silva-Lopez, Gilberto, F. Garc'a-Ordu¿a, Joaquin Jimenþz-Huerta and Jorge Benitez-Rodriguez. 1986. Comentarios sobre el uso del hˆbitat y la dieta de Ateles geoffroyi y Alouatta spp. en zonas de selva discontinua de la Sierra de Santa Martha, Veracruz, Mþxico. In Congresso Latinoamericano de Botˆnica (4th, 1986). Medell'n, Columbia: Associacción Colombiana para el Avance de la Ciencia. OCLC: 14581685

SISTEMA ARRECIFAL VERACRUZANO (Parque Marino Nacional)

Jordˆn-Dahlgren, Eric. 1992. Recolonization patterns of Acropora palmata in a marginal environment. Bulletin of Marine Science 51(1): 104-117. ISSN: 0007-4977
Elkhorn coral can sexually recolonize intact coral skeletons relatively rapidly through sheet-like growth. "Recruitment is probably dependent on the coincidental presence of non-permanent superficial currents and low precipitation on the continental watershed, as suggested by data on the reef's distance from the coast and from possible larval sources."

Vargas-Hernˆndez, Juan Manuel, Aurora Hernˆndez-Gutiþrrez, Luis Fernando Carrera-Parra. 1993. Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Pages 559-575 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico (Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia Gonzˆlez, editors). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-12-2

El TEPOZTECA (Parque Nacional)

EL TRIUNFO (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Cloud, John. 1988. Cloud forests, quetzals, and coffee. Animal Kingdom. 91(4): 34-55. ISSN: 1048-4949

Diagnostico Socioeconomico de las Poblaciones Circundantes al Area Natural Protegida "El Triunfo." 1988. Centro De Estudios Indigenas, Anuario 2. San Cristóbal de las Casas: Universidad Autonoma de Chiapas.

Gonzˆlez-Garc'a, Fernando. 1988. The Horned Guan. Animal Kingdom 91(4): 21-22. ISSN: 1048-4949
Field work conditions in El Triunfo are described. Results of observations on courtship and nesting behavior of the horned guan are given.

Gonzˆlez-Garc'a, Fernando. 1994. Behavior of horned guans in Chiapas, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 106(2): 357-365. ISSN 0043-5643
In core area 1, observations were made of ten individuals preening, dustbathing, and foraging during the breeding season. Most of the bird's day is spent caring for its feathers. They descend to ground only to dust bathe, court or to ascend slopes because they are poor fliers. _________. 1995. Reproductive biology and vocalization of the horned guan Oreophasis derbianus in Mexico. Condor 97(2): 415-426. ISSN 0010-5422
Both females and males have horns. The sexes cannot be reliably separated in the field without aid of vocalization and behavior. There appears to be a polygyous mating system. The nest and eggs are described for the first time. Habitat protection and development of a captive breeding program are called for in this rare bird with a low reproductive capacity of two eggs per year.

_______. 1995. El Triunfo: joya del estado de Chiapas. Ocelotl: Revista Mexicana de la Conservación 1995(3): 50-55. OCLC: 32209547
The season to visit is Spring because November to January there are frequent frosts. The reserve has inventoried 328 species, more than 60% of the birds of the state of Chiapas. Ecotourism has developed to the point that a directory and calendar of visitors is maintained. Access is by foot or horseback to El Triunfo camp on the crest.

Heath, Melanie and Adrian Long. 1993. Protected area management in Chiapas, Mexico: the history and development of the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve. Occasional Papers (University of Glasgow. Institute of Latin American Studies) (56): 15-23. OCLC: 28713225
It holds significant populations of the horned guan, resplendent quetzal, and azure-rumped tanager, all threatened species. "Most of the projectis funds and time have been directed towards Polygon I and its surrounding buffer zone. Few visits have been made to other areas of the Biosphere Reserve since the initial land tenure studies between 1988 and 1990." Ecotourism is also focused on Polygon I, El Triunfo in the center of the reserve.

Parker, Theodore A, Steven Hilty, and Mark Robbins. 1976. Birds of El Triunfo cloud forest, Mexico, with notes on the horned guan and other species. American Birds 30(4): 779-782. ISSN 0004-7686

Wauer, Roland. 1992. Naturalistis Mexico. College Station: Texas A&M. ISBN: 0-89096-500-5
He narrates a guided horse-packing trip from Mapastepec-Colonia Guadalupe to the station at El Triunfo in March. Encounters with the resplendent quetzal, azure-rumped tanager and other tropical birds are described. Williams-Linera, Guadalupe. 1991. Nota sobre la estructura del estrato arbóreo del bosque mesófilo del monta¿a en los alrededores del campamento El Triunfo, Chiapas. Acta Botanica Mexicana 13: 1-7. ISSN 0187-7151
The different strata of trees and their floristic composition in a cloud forest site located between 1850 and 2150 meters in core area 1 are presented and analyzed. Generally it is similar to other cloud forests in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama.

Williams-Linera, Guadalupe. 1993. Soil seed banks in four lower montane forests of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9(3): 321-337. ISSN: 0266-4674
Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere reserve had higher seed densities per square meter than El Triunfo or Rancho La Mesa, Veracruz. Tree seeds outnumbered shrubs or herbs at El Triunfo, but not at the other sites.

EL VIZCA°NO (Reserva de la Biosfera)

Berger, Bruce. 1992. Last stand for the peninsular pronghorn. Buzzworm: the Environmental Journal 4(5): 70. ISSN: 0898-2996

Breceda, A., A. Castellanos, L. Arriaga, and A. Ortega. 1995. Nature conservation in Baja-California-Sur, Mexico: protected areas. Natural Areas Journal 15(3): 267-273. ISSN: 0885-8608.
Protected areas constitute 38.3 % of the state (2,813,914 ha). There are two biosphere reserves, a submarine refuge, and several protected islands in the Gulf of California. The status of these reserves and refuges are described in terms of category of protection, legal status, management, biodiversity, and outlook for certain species.

Brown, D. and P. Webb. 1979. A preliminary reconnaisance of the habitat of the peninsular pronghorn. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of sciences 14(1): 30-32. ISSN: 0193-8509
After the population near San Felipe was extirpated by 1963, only the population at Llano del Berrendo in the Vizca'no Desert remianed in Baja California. These sandy plains are dominated by saltbush. Pronghorns frequent salt flats and high open bajadas. The dunes south of Scammonis Lagoon had the largest herds.

Cancino, Jorge, Angeles Morales, and Sonia Gallina. 1993. Alimentacion del berrendo peninsular (Antilocapra americana peninsularis Nelson). Pages 239-251 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
The endangered peninsular pronghorn is now restricted to a population of about 100 in a small part of the Vizcaino Desert. "The diet was composed of 40% shrubs, 22% forbs, 4% grasses, 3% trees, and 30% unidentified material."

Cancino, J., R. Rodr'quez-Estrella and A. Ortega. 1995. First aerial survey of historical range for penninsular pronghorn of Baja California, Mexico. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1/2): 46-50. ISSN 0193-8509
Only 10% of the original habitat is still occupied by pronghorn antelope. Approximately 200 pronghorn currently inhabit the Vizcaino Desert. As an official endangered species in a protected area, a recovery plan should be developed. Two other areas near the Vizcaino, Los Angeles Bay and San Ignacio Lagoon, may provide additional habitat.
Castellanos-Vera, Aradit. 1983. Observations on the distribution, abundance and productivity of the osprey in the Ojo de Liebre-Guerrero Negro Lagoon, B.C.S., Mexico. Pages 88-92 in Wildlife and Range Research Needs in Northern Mexico and Southwestern United States. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report WO-36,. Gov Doc A13.88: WO-36
Of the 93 osprey nests found in 1980, all were located on three small islands except for 14 built on man-made structures.

Castellanos, Aradit and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio-A. 1995. Artificial nesting sites and ospreys at Ojo de Liebre and Guerrero Negro Lagoons, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 66(1): 117-127. ISSN: 0273-8570
Originally confined to nesting on three small islands, nearly one-half of ospreys nest on channel markers, electrical and utility poles and other man-made structures with a resulting increase in population.

Cruz-Agôero, Josþ de la, et al. 1994. Lista sistematica de los peces marinos de Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico): Systematic list of marine fishes from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico). Ciencias Marinas 20(1): 17-31. ISSN: 0185-3880.

Danemann, Gustavo and Roberto Carmona. 1993. Observations on Esteros El Coyote and La Bocana, Baja California Sur, Mexico, in September 1991. Western Birds 24(4): 263-266. ISSN: 0160-1121
These lagoons should be considered important areas for shorebirds and as overwintering areas for ducks and geese. 47 species were located.

De Forge, James R., Stacy D. Ostermann, D. E. Toweill, P.E. Cyrog, E. M. Barrett. 1993. Helicopter survey of peninsular bighorn sheep in northern Baja Caifornia. Desert Bighorn Council transactions 37: 24-28. ISSN: 0418-7598
In the Sierra San Pedro Martir 83 bighorn were observed 14% of the total (603). Most of the deer and the only mountain lion in the Baja flights were observed here.

Dedina, Serge and Emily Young. 1995. Conservation and Development in the Gray Whale Lagoons of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Report PB96-113154, Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Arizona. Available from Marine Mammal Commission, 1825 Connecticut Ave., NW, Rm. 512, Washington, DC 20009. Also available online at http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/serge.html

González-Romero, Alberto, and Alberto Lafron-Terrazas. 1993. Pages 409-419 in Avances en el Estudio de los Mam'feros de Mþxico (Rodrigo A. Medell'n and Gerardo Ceballos, editors). Mþxico, D.F.: Asociación de Mastozoolog'a. ISBN: 968-7402-00-8
Grismer, L Lee, Jimmy A. McGuire, and Bradford D. Hollingsworth. 1994. A report on the herpetofauna of the Vizca'no Peninsula, Baja California, Mþxico, with a discussion of its biogeographic and taxonomic implications. Southern California Academy of Sciences. Bulletin 93(2): 45-80. ISSN 0038-3872
This survey focused on the area encompassing the Sierra Vizca'no and the Sierra Santa Clara. The presence of the Pacific tree-frog, Hyla regilla in the Sierra Vizcaino suggests that this region was much more mesic in the past. The sky island effect has also isolated some habitat specialists that currently would be unable to disperse across the flat, sandy desert surrounding these ranges.

Heller, Peter. 1992. Wild Baja. Buzzworm: the Environmental Journal. 4(5): 76-83. ISSN 0898-2996
Madalena Bay whale watch sponsored by Baja Expeditions.

Henny, Charles J., Bruce Conant, and Daniel W. Anderson. 1993. Recent distribution and status of nesting bald eagles in Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Raptor Research 27(4): 203-209. ISSN: 0892-1016
No more than three pairs of bald eagles nests at Magdalena Bay remain from a past population of scattered pairs along both the Pacific and Gulf sides of Baja. Reproduction at this site is successful and the young disperse northward. To maintain this disjunct population, further measures are needed to protect the known nesting sites from human alteration. Furthermore, Isla San Lorenzo and Isla San Esteban which are both in Biosphere Reserves have had bald eagles nesting in the past and would be excellent points for reintroduction into the Gulf of California.

Jorge, C. and A. Ortega-Rubio. 1994. Historical analysis and conservation of the peninsular pronghorn: an endangered subspecies. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia (Curitiba) 37(4): 913-918. ISSN: 0365-0979
Surveys by aircraft and ground vehicles showed that it was likely that populations never reach above 100 animals in total. "The original range of distribution of the peninsular pronghorn have been modified and severely reduced. The main causes of such reduction are analysed and specific population protection measures are proposed and discussed." Lluch-Cota, Daniel B., Aradit Castellanos-Vera, Jorge Llinas-Conteras, and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio. 1993. La Reserva de la Biosfera El Vizca'no. Pages 358-388 in Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Mexico (Sergio I.. Salazar-Vallejo and Norma Emilia González, editors). Chetumal: Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO). ISBN 968-6780-12-2

Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo, Heidi Romero-Schmidt, Cerafina Arguelles-Mþndez, and Aradit Castellanos-Vera. 1995. Effect of wind on a Ferocacus fordii var. fordii population on Piedra Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 31(1): 15-19. ISSN: 0140-1963
The small, globular cactus grow in clusters due to a nurse-plant effect of the seed parent. Due to the persistant wind they become increasingly prostrate as they age.

Rogriguez-Estrella, R., J. Llinas-Gutierrez, and J. Cancino. 1991. New golden eagle records from Baja California. Journal of Raptor Research 25(3): 68-71. ISSN: 0892-1016
"Based on sightings and recoveries of dead eagles, we suspect that a resident breeding populaltion exists in the region that his population is augmented by migrants in winter." Samaras, William F. 1974. Reproductive behavior of the gray whale Eschrichtius robustus, in Baja California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 73(2): 57-64. ISSN: 0038-3872

Sanabria, B, A. Ortega-Rubio, and C. Arguelles-Mendez. 1995. Food habits of the coyote in the Vizcaino Desert, Mexico. Ohio Journal of Science 95(4): 289-291. ISSN: 0030-0950
Kangaroo rats and pocket gophers were the main prey item. Some plant material was consumed as well. "There was no evidence of domestic livestock ingestion."

Spalding, Mark. 1996. Public presentation regarding the Vizcaino Desert Biosphere Reserve. [Online] Available at http://www.planeta.com/planeta/96/0596vizcaino.html.
A four page statement regarding the grey whale made on Feb 29 at La Paz by Mark Spalding representing the Natural Resources Defense Council.

Vargas, J.A. 1982. Gray whale of Mexico. Interciencia 6(3): 171-172. ISSN: 0378-1844

YUM BALAM (Area de Protección de Flora y Fauna)

ZOQUIAPAN Y ANEXAS (Parque Nacional)

Valdez, Manuel, and Gerardo Ceballos. 1991. Historia natural, alimentación y reprodución de la ardilla terrestre (Spermophilus mexicanus) en una pradera intermontana. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Series 0(43): 1-30. ISSN 0065-1737
The Mexican ground squirrel forms large aggregations, particularly in alpine meadows. Insects make up 39% of the diet with herbaceous plants supplying the rest. The annual cycle for this Central Mexican ground squirrel is similar to that of the more northern species.

The author is a librarian at New Mexico State University and can be reached via email at rsteeb@lib.nmsu.edu.

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